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PT Eval Finals > Gait Analysis & Neurological Assessments > Flashcards

Gait Analysis & Neurological Assessments Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of the Gait cycle

A

Stance Phase
Swing Phase

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2
Q

Accounts for 60% of the gait cycle

A

Stance phase

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3
Q

Accounts for 40% of the gait cycle

A

Swing phase

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4
Q

It is when the foot comes in contact with the ground

A

Initial contact (Heel Strike)

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5
Q

Initial contact to the time when the contralateral foot leaves the ground

A

Loading Response (LR/Foot Flat)

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6
Q

The time when the ipsilateral heel leaves the ground to the time of the contralateral foot initial contact with the ground

A

Terminal stance (TSt)

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7
Q

From the time that the contralateral heel leaves the ground to the time that the ipsilateral heel leaves the ground

A

Midstance (MSt)

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8
Q

Time when the contralateral foot initial contact with the ground to the time that the ipsilateral foot leaves the ground.

A

Pre-swing (PSw/Toe-off)

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9
Q

The time from when the foot leaves the ground to ipsilateral foot alignment with the contralateral ankle

A

Initial swing (ISw/Acceleration)

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10
Q

The time from ankle and foot alignment to the wing leg tibia becoming vertical

A

Midswing (MSw)

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11
Q

The time from the tibia reaching a vertical position to the initial contact of the swing foot to the ground

A

Terminal swing (TSw/Deceleration)

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12
Q

Weight acceptance of initial contact (heel strike)

A

10%

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13
Q

Weight loading of load response (foot flat) and midstance (single-leg stance).

A

40%

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14
Q

Terminal stance (heel off) and Pre-swing (toe off) weight loading

A

10%

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15
Q

Occurs when the foot is lifted off the floor

A

Initial swing (ISw/Acceleration)

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16
Q

The swing leg is adjacent to the weight-bearing leg

A

Midswing (MSw)

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17
Q

Swinging leg slows down in preparation for initial contact with the floor.

A

Terminal swing (Deceleration)

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18
Q

What is the distance between both feet called? What is the normal distance between both feet?

A

Base (Step width)
5-10 cm (2-4 in)

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19
Q

It is the distance between successive contact. What is its normal parameter?

A

Step length
72 cm (28 in)

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20
Q

It is the distance between successive points of foot-to-floor contact of the same foot. What is its normal parameter

A

Stride length
144 cm (56 in)

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21
Q

It is the angle of the toe out of the foot. What is its normal parameter?

A

Fick angle
7 degrees (2nd MTT as landmark)

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22
Q

Side-to-side movement of the pelvis during walking. What is its normal parameter?

A

Lateral pelvic shift
2.5-5 cm (1-2 in)

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23
Q

Lessens the angle of the femur with the floor and lengthens the femur. What is its normal parameter?

A

Pelvic rotation
8 degrees in total (4 anteriorly/4posteriorly)

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24
Q

Normal center of gravity

A

5 cm (2 in) anterior to s2

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25
Q

The number of steps per min. What are its normal parameters

A

Cadence
90-120 steps/min
111 steps/min (M)
W are usually 6-9 steps higher than M

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26
Q

Scalar quantity

A

Walking speed

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27
Q

Vector quantity

A

Walking velocity

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28
Q

Functions of the Determinants of Gait

A

Increase the efficiency and smoothness of the pathway of gait
Decreases vertical and lateral displacement of COG
Decrease energy expenditure

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29
Q

Amount of ankle joint motion required for normal gait

A

10 DF
20 PF

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30
Q

The stance phase on the affected leg is shorter as the patient attempts to remove the weight on the affected leg.

A

Antalgic (Painful) Gait

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31
Q

Patient thursts the thorax posteriorly at initial contact to maintain the hip extension of the leg. Presents with weak hip extensors

A

Gluteus Maximus Gait

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32
Q

Forward flexion of the trunk with strong plantar flexions causes the knee to extend.

A

Quadriceps Avoidance (Forward Lurching) Gait

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33
Q

The patient lifts the knee higher than normal to avoid dragging the toes against the ground. At initial contact, the foot slaps the ground.

A

Steppage or Drop Foot Gait

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34
Q

Contralateral side of the affected hip droops because the ipsilateral hip abductors can not stabilize or prevent the droop.

A

Gluteus Medius (Trendelenburg) Gait

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35
Q

The paraplegic leg swings outwards and ahead in a circle or pushes it ahead.

A

Hemiplegic or Hemiparetic (Circumduction) Gait

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36
Q

The patient tends to have a broad base due to poor sensation or poor muscle coordination. The patient watches their feet while walking.

A

Ataxic Gait

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37
Q

The neck, trunk, and knees are flexed with characterized shuffling or short rapid steps.

A

Parkinsonian Gait

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38
Q

Patient may lean forward and walk progressively faster as though unable to stop.

A

Festination (Parkinsonian Gait)

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39
Q

The patient laterally shifts to the affected side causing the pelvis to tilt down on the affected side; causing a limp.

A

Short leg (Painless Osteogenic) Gait

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40
Q

The patient presents with ER, flexion, and adduction of the hip and has difficulty in swing-through. This is seen in patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (LCPD).

A

Psoatic Limp Gait

41
Q

Result of spastic paralysis of hip adductor muscles. Knees are drawn together so that legs can be swung forward only with great effort.

A

Scissors/Scissoring Gait

42
Q

Pelvis must be elevated by exaggerated plantar flexion of the opposite ankle and circumduction of the stiff leg to provide toe clearance

A

Arthrogenic (Stiff knee or hip) Gait

43
Q

Results in lumbar lordosis and extension of the trunk combined with knee flexion to get the foot on the ground.

A

Hip flexion contracture gait

44
Q

Presents with excessive ankle dorsiflexion from last swing phase to early stance phase of the uninvolved leg and early heel rise on the involved side during terminal stance.

A

Knee flexion contracture gait

45
Q

Results in knee hyperextension and forward bending of the trunk with hip flexion

A

Plantar flexion contracture gait (Toe drag & Knee thrust)

46
Q

Weight-bearing is primarily on the dorsolateral or lateral edge of the foot. Weight-bearing on the affected limb is decreased

A

Equinus Gait (Toe Walking)

47
Q

Decrease or absence of push-off. The stance phase is less and presents with a shorter step length on the unaffected side.

A

Plantar Flexor Gait

48
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory
Sensory (Afferent)
Olfaction

49
Q

CN II

A

Optic
Sensory (Afferent)
Vision

50
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor
Motor (Efferent)
Turns Eye UDI
Constricts pupil
Accommodates Lens

51
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear
Motor
Intorsion of the Eye

52
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal
Both
Face sensation
Cornea sensation
Anterior tongue sensation
Muscles of mastication
Dampens sound (Tensor Tympani)

53
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens
Motor (Efferent)
Turns Eye out

54
Q

CN VII

A

Facial
Both
Ant. tongue taste
Facial expression
Dampens sound (stapedius)
Tearing (lacrimal gland)
Salivation (submandibular & sublingual glands)

55
Q

CN VIII

A

Auditory/Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Balance (Semicircular canals, utricle, sacule)
Hearing (organ of Corti)

56
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal
Both
Post. tongue taste
Post. tounge sensation
Oropharynx sensation
Salivation (Parotid gland)

57
Q

CN X

A

Vagus
Both
Thoracic and abd viscera
Larynx and Pharynx
Decrease HR
Increase GI motility

58
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal Accessory
Motor (Efferent)
Head movements (SCM & Trapz)

59
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal
Motor (Efferent)
Tongue shapes & movement

60
Q

Sharp/dull discrimination

A

Pain perception

61
Q

Ability to distinguish warm or cool stimuli

A

Temperature awareness

62
Q

Determines the perception of tactile touch input

A

Touch awareness

63
Q

The therapist’s fingertip or a double-tipped cotton swab is used.

A

Pressure awareness

64
Q

Test for awareness of movement

A

Kinesthesia awareness

65
Q

Examines joint position sense and awareness of joints at rest

A

Proprioceptive awareness

66
Q

Requires a tuning fork that has 128 Hz

A

Vibration perception

67
Q

Superficial sensations

A

Pain perception
Temperature awareness
Pressure awareness
Touch awareness

68
Q

Deep sensations

A

Kinesthesia awareness
Proprioception awareness
Vibration perception

69
Q

Determines the ability to recognize the form of an object by touch

A

Stereognosis perception

70
Q

Determines the ability to localize the touch sensation on the skin

A

Tactile localization

71
Q

Determines the ability to perceive two points applies to the skin simultaneously

A

Two-point discrimination

72
Q

Determines the ability to perceive simultaneous touch stimuli

A

Double simultaneous simulation

73
Q

Determines the ability to recognize letters, numbers, or designs written on the skin

A

Graphesthesia

74
Q

Determines the ability to differentiate among various textures

A

Recognition of texture

75
Q

Determines the ability to recognize different weights

A

Barognosis

76
Q

Combined cortical sensation

A

Stereognosis perception
Tactile localization
Two-point discrimination
Graphesthesia
Recognition of texture
Barognosis

77
Q

No increase in muscle tone

A

MAS Grade 0

78
Q

Slight increase in muscle tone manifested by a catch and release at end of ROM

A

MAS Grade 1

79
Q

Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance

A

MAS Grade 1+

80
Q

More marked increase in tone through most of ROM but joint is easily moved

A

MAS Grade 2

81
Q

Considerable increase in muscle tone passive movement is difficult

A

MAS Grade 3

82
Q

Affected part is rigid in flexion or extension

A

MAS Grade 4

83
Q

Response is absent

A

DTR Grade 0

84
Q

Slight reflex but depressed; low normal

A

DTR Grade 1+

85
Q

Normal, typical reflex

A

DTR Grade 2+

86
Q

Brisk reflex, possibly but not necessarily abnormal

A

DTR Grade 3+

87
Q

Very brisk reflex, abnormal, conus

A

DTR Grade 4+

88
Q

UMNL Affectation

A

CNS problem
Hypertonic, Hyperflexia, Spastic

89
Q

LMNL Affectation

A

PNS problem
Hypotonic, Hypoflexia

90
Q

Stroking of the lateral aspect of the foot

A

Babinski Reflex

91
Q

Stroking of the lateral side of the foot beneath the lateral malleolus

A

Chaddock Reflex

92
Q

Stroking of the anteromedial tibial surface

A

Oppenheim’s reflex

93
Q

Squeezing of the calf muscles firmly

A

Gordon’s reflex

94
Q

Organic Hemiplegia

A

Increased muscle tone and tendon reflex in the paralyzed limbs

95
Q

Passive flexion of the lower limb

A

Brudzinski’s reflex

96
Q

Flicking of the terminal phalanx of one of the 3 medial fingers

A

Hoffman’s (Digital) reflex

97
Q

Tapping the plantar surface of the toes

A

Rossolimo’s reflex

98
Q

Squeezing the Achilles tendon in the middle third

A

Schaeffer’s reflex

PT Eval Finals (8 decks)

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