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Musculoskeletal System content app > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Antalgic

A

a protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid WB on the involved side, usually secondary to pain

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2
Q

Ataxic

A

a gait pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness.
- there is usually a wide BOD and movements are exaggerated

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3
Q

Cerebellar gait

A

-staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disease

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4
Q

Circumduction gait

A
  • a gait pattern characterized by circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase; this may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or DF
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5
Q

double step gait

A
  • pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at different rate
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6
Q

equine gait

A
  • pattern characterized by high steps; usually involves excessive activity of the gastrocnemius
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7
Q

festinating gait

A
  • pattern where a patient walks on toes as though pushed. it starts slowly, increases and may continue until the patient grasps an object in order to stop
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8
Q

Hemiplegic gait

A
  • pattern in which patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them
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9
Q

Parkinsonian gait

A
  • pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees; gait is shuffling with quick and small steps; festinating may occur
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10
Q

scissor gait

A
  • pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement
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11
Q

spastic gait

A

pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together and hip and knee joints slightly flexed. Commonly seen in spastic paraplegia

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12
Q

steppage gait

A

-pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to DF weakness. the foot will slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to the decreased control

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13
Q

tabetic gait

A
  • a high stepping ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground
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14
Q

trendelenburg gait

A
  • pattern that denotes gluteus medius weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg
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15
Q

vaulting gait

A
  • pattern where the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation of the pelvis and PF of the stance leg
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16
Q

How much ROM do we need in hip flexion

A

0-30 degrees

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17
Q

How much ROM do we need in hip extension

A

0-10

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18
Q

How much ROM do we need in knee flexion

A

0-60

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19
Q

How much ROM do we need in knee extension

A

0

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20
Q

How much ROM do we need in ankle DF

A

0-10

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21
Q

How much ROM do we need in ankle PF

A

0-20

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22
Q

Initial Contact

A
  • the beginning of the stance phase that occurs when the foot touches the ground
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23
Q

Loading response

A
  • corresponds to the amount of time between initial contact and the beginning of the swing phase for the other leg
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24
Q

Midstance

A

-The point in stance phase when the other foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb

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25
Q

terminal stance

A
  • begins when the heel of the stance limb rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground
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26
Q

pre-swing phase

A
  • begins when the other foot touches the` ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off
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27
Q

Initial Swing:

A
  • begins when the stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with maximal knee flexion during swing
28
Q

midswing

A

begins with maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground

29
Q

terminal swing

A
  • begins when the tibia is perpendicular to the floor and ends when the foot touches teh ground
30
Q

Heel strike

A
  • is the instant that the heel touches the ground to begin stance phase
31
Q

foot flat

A
  • foot flat is the point in which the entire foot makes contact with the ground and should occur directly after heel strike
32
Q

heel off

A
  • point in which the heel of teh stance limb leaves the ground
33
Q

toe off

A
  • toe off is the point in which only the toe of teh stance limb remains on the ground
34
Q

acceleration

A
  • begins when toe off is complete and the reference limb swings until positioned directly under the body
35
Q

deceleration

A
  • begins directly after midswing, as the swing limb begins to extend, and ends just prior to heel strike
36
Q

What percentage of gait cycle is stance phase? swing phase>

A
  • stance phase represents 60% of the gait cycle

- swing phase represents 40% of the gait cycle

37
Q

Base of support

A
  • the distance measured between teh left and right foot during progression of gait
  • teh distance decreases as cadence incr
  • the avg base of support for an adult is two to four nches
38
Q

Cadence

A
  • The number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time. the avg value for an adult is 110-120 steps per minute
39
Q

degree of toe-out

A

the angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting teh center of teh heel and second toe. the avg degree of toe-out for an adult is seven degrees

40
Q

double support phase:

A

-double support phase refers to the two times during a gait cycle where both feet are on the ground. the time of double support incr as the speed of gait decr. this phase does not exist with running

41
Q

pelvic rotation

A
  • rotation of teh pelvis occurs opposite the thorax in orer to maintain balance and regulate speed. teh avg pelvic rotation during gait for an adult is a total of 8 deg
42
Q

single support phase

A
  • occurs when only one foot is on the ground and occurs twice during a single gait cycle
43
Q

What muscle activity do we see in Initial Contact?

A
  • The ankle DF place the ankle in DF during heel strike and prepare to lower the foot towards the ground.
  • the quadriceps contract to place the knee in extension while teh hamstrings help stabilize the knee and prevent hyperextension
  • The hip extensors and abductors contract to stabilize the trunk and pelvis over the leg
44
Q

What muscle activity do we see in loading response

A
  • The ankle DF act eccentrically to control lowering of teh foot towards the ground.
  • the quadriceps contract eccentrically to control knee flexion as the limb accepts the weight of teh body.
  • In the latter portion the plantarflexors eccentrically control DF as the tibia moves over the foot
  • Simultaneously, the tibialis posterior eccentrically controls pronation of the foot
  • the quadriceps contraction becomes concentric to draw the femur forward over the tibia
  • throughout the loading response phase, the hip extensors contract concentrically to produce hip extension
45
Q

What muscle activity do we see in midstance?

A
  • the plantar flexorss continue to act eccentrically to control DF as teh body moves over teh stance limb. activity in the knee musculature is minimal during this phase, though the quads contract concentrically to continue producing closed chain knee extension.
  • the hip abductors muscles stabilize the pelvis and prevent contralateral hip drop
  • the iliopsoas also begins to contract eccentrically to control hip extension
46
Q

What muscle activity do we see in terminal stance

A
  • plantar flexors begin to work concentrically to aid the foot in its propulsion of teh body forward
  • knee muscle activity remains limited
  • the hip abductors continue to stabilize the pelvis and teh iliopsoas continues to slow the rate of hip extension
47
Q

What muscle activity do we see in pre-swing?

A
  • the plantar flexors are at their peak activity as teh foot”toes off” from the ground.
  • the hamstrings begin to produce knee flexion to prepare for teh swing phase, though the momentum of teh body also aids in this motion.
  • the iliopsoas begins to work concentrically to produce hip flexion, along with other hip flexors
48
Q

What muscle activity do we see in initial swing

A
  • andkle dorsiflexors contract concentrically to clear teh foot from the ground, while the hamstrings assist with foot clearance by flexing the knee.
  • the hip flexors continue to produce hip flexion to advance the limb forward
49
Q

What muscle activity do we see in midswing?

A
  • ankle dorsiflexors continue to contrat concentrically to maintain DF.
  • Knee and hip muscle activity ar eminimal during this phase since forward momentum allows for advancement of the limb
50
Q

What muscle activity do we see in terminal swing?

A
  • ankle Dorsiflexors continue to contract concentrically to maintain DF.
  • the ankle invertors also contract concentrically to prepare the foot for initial contact
  • The quads contract concentrically to place the knee in extension for initial contact, while the hamstrings act eccentrically to control the rate of knee extension. the hip extensors eccentrically slow the rate of hip flexion and prepare the limb for initial contact
51
Q

Gait deviations in ankle and foot

– foot slap

A
  • weak dorsiflexors

- dorsiflexors paralysis

52
Q

Gait deviations in ankle and foot

– tow down instead of heel strike

A
  • plantar flexor spasticity
  • plantar flexor contratcure
  • weak dorsiflexors
  • dorsiflexor paralysis
  • leg length discrepancy
  • hindfoot pain
53
Q

Gait deviations in ankle and foot

– clawing of toes

A
  • tow flexor spasticity

- positive support reflex

54
Q

Gait deviations in ankle and foot

– heel lift during midstance

A
  • insufficient dorsiflexion range

- plantar flexor spasticity

55
Q

Gait deviations in ankle and foot

– no toe off

A
  • forefoot/ toe pain
  • weak plantar flexor
  • weak toe flexor
  • insufficient plantar flexion ROM
56
Q

Gait deviation in knee

– exaggerated knee flexion at contact

A
  • weak quad
  • quad paralysis
  • hamstrings spasticity
  • insufficient extension ROM
57
Q

Gait deviation in knee

– hyperextension in stance

A
  • compensation for weak quadriceps

- plantar flexor contracture

58
Q

Gait deviation in knee

– exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance

A
  • knee flexion contracture

- hip flexion contracture

59
Q

Gait deviation in knee

– insufficient flexion with swing

A
  • knee effusion
  • quadriceps extension spasticity
  • plantar flexorspasticity
  • insufficient flexion ROM
60
Q

Gait deviation in knee

– excessive flexion with swing

A
  • flexor withdrawal reflex

- LE flexor synergy

61
Q

Gait deviation in Hip

– insufficient hip flexion at initial contact

A

Weak hip flexors

  • hip flexor paralysis
  • hip extensor spasticity
  • insufficient hip flexion ROM
62
Q

Gait deviation in Hip

– insufficient hip extension at stance

A
  • insufficient hip extension ROM
  • hip flexion contracture
  • LE flexor synergy
63
Q

Gait deviation in Hip

– circumduction during swing

A
  • compensation for weak hip flexors
  • compensation for weak dorsiflexors
  • compensation for weak hamstrings
64
Q

Gait deviation in Hip

– hip hiking during swing

A
  • compensation for weak dorsiflexors
  • compensation for weak knee flexors
  • compensation for extensor synergy pattern
65
Q

Gait deviation in Hip

– exaggerated hip flexion during swing

A
  • lower extremity flexor synergy

- compensation for insufficient ankle dorsiflexor

Musculoskeletal System content app (12 decks)

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