Gait Flashcards
Time spent in stance and swing phases of gait
Stance = 60%
Swing = 40%
Standard Terminology for portions of gait (8)
Heel strike
Foot flat
Midstance
Heel off
Toe off
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration
Rancho Los Amigos Terminology for portions of gait (8)
Initial contact
Loading response
Midstance
Terminal Stance
Pre-swing
Initial swing
Midswing
Terminal swing
Peak Muscle Activity During Gait Cycle: Tibialis Anterior
Just after heel strike – responsible for eccentric lowering of foot in PF
Peak Muscle Activity During Gait Cycle: Gastroc/Soleus
During late stance phase – responsible for concentric raising of heel during toe off
Peak Muscle Activity During Gait Cycle: Quadriceps
1: During single support
2: During early stance just before toe off
Peak Muscle Activity During Gait Cycle: Hamstrings
During late swing phase – responsible for decelerating unsupported limb
ROM for Normal Gait: Hip Flexion
0-30 deg
ROM for Normal Gait: Hip Extension
0-10 deg
ROM for Normal Gait: Knee Flexion
0-60 deg
ROM for Normal Gait: Knee Extension
0 deg
ROM for Normal Gait: Ankle DF
0-10 deg
ROM for Normal Gait: Ankle PF
0-20 deg
Defn: Distance between left and right foot during progression of gait. Distnace decreases as cadence increases
Base of Support
Defn: Number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time
Cadence
Defn: Angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
Degree of toe out
Phase: Time spent in this phase increases as speed of gait decreases.
Double support
Pelvic rotation occurs _________ the ________ in order to maintain ________ and regulate _________.
opposite, thorax, balance, speed
Defn: Distance measured between right and left heel strike
Step Length
Defn: Distance measured between right and right heel strike
Stride length
Abnormal Gait Pattern: protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid WB on the involved side, usually secondary to pain
Antalgic
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness. Usually with a wide BOS and exaggerated movement
Ataxic
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Staggering gait pattern
Cerebellar
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase to compensate for insufficient hip/knee flexion/DF
Circumduction
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate
Double step
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern characterized by high steps, usually involves excessive activity of gastrocs
Equine
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern where a patient walks on toes as though pushed. Starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patients grasps an object in order to stop
Festinating
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunkan dknees, gait is shuffling with quick and small steps, festinating may occur
Parkinsonian
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern in which patients ABDucts the paralzyed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them
Hemiplegic
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement
Scissor
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, hip and knee joints slightly flexed
Spastic
Commonly seen in spastic paraplegia
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive ehgiths; usually secondary to DF weakeness. Foot will slap at initial contact with ground secondary to decreased control
Steppage
Abnormal Gait Pattern: High stepping ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground
Tabetic
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern the dentoes gluteus medius weakness, excessive lateral turnk flexion, weight shifting over stanace leg
Trendelenburg
Abnormal Gait Pattern: Pattern where the sing leg advances by compensating through a compensation of elevation of the pelvic and PF of the stance leg
Vaulting
Cause of foot slap
Weak/paralyzed DF
Cause of toe down over heel strike (4)
- PF spasticity/contracture
- DF weakness/paralysis
- LLD
- Hindfoot pain
Cause of clawing of toes (2)
- Toe flexor spasticity
- Positive support reflex
Cause of heel lift during midstance (2)
- Lack of DF ROM
- PF spasticity
Abnormal Gait Pattern: No toe off (4)
- Forefoot/toe pain
- Weak PF
- Lack of PF ROM
- Weak toe flexors
Cause of exaggerated knee flexion at contact (3)
- Weak/paralyzed quadriceps
- HS spasticity
- Lack of extension ROM
Cause of hyerextension in stance (2)
- Weak quadriceps
- PF contracture
Cause of Exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance (2)
- Knee flexion contracture
- Hip flexion contracture
Cause of insufficient knee flexion with swing (4)
- Knee effusion
- Quadriceps extension spasticity
- PF spasticity
- Insufficient knee flexion ROM
Cause of excessive knee flexion with swing (2)
- flexor withdrawal reflex
- lower extremitiy flexor synergy
Cause of insufficient hip flexion at initial contact (3)
- weak/paralyzed hip flexors
- hip extensor spasticity
- insufficient hip flexor ROM
Cause of insufficient hip extension at stance (3)
- Insufficient hip extension ROM
- Hip flexor contracture
- Lower extemity flexor synergy
Cause of circumduction during gait (3)
- weak hip flexors
- weak DF
- weak HS
Cause of hip hiking during swing (3)
- weak DF
- weak knee flexors
- extensor synergy pattern
Cause of exaggerated hip flexion during swing (2)
- lower extremity flexor synergy
- insufficient DF ROM
