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BIO 200 - Microbiology > fungi > Flashcards

fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of fungi

A
  • Eukaryote, spore-producing achlorophyllous organism
  • Unicellular (yeast form) to multicellular (microscopic mold) and macroscopic mushrooms/puffballs
  • Cell wall is made of chitin; cellulose occurs in the cell walls of Oomycetes and Hyphochytridiomycetes
  • major food reserve is glycogen
  • reproduce asexually and sexually
  • grow in diverse habitats
  • most fungi are saprophytes and aerobic
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2
Q

4 divisions of fungi and its common name

A

zygomycota: zygomycetes
ascomycota: sac fungi
basidiomycota: club fungi
deuteromycota: Fungi Imperfecti

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3
Q

2 kinds of thallus

A

eucarpic thallus
holocarpic thallus

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4
Q

thallus is differentiated into a vegetative part which absorbs nutrients and a reproductive part which forms reproductive structures

A

eucarpic thallus

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5
Q

thallus does not show this differentiation; after a phase of vegetative growth, changes into one or more reproductive structures

A

holocarpic thallus

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6
Q

kinds of mycelia

A

aseptate mycelium
septate mycelium

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7
Q

mycelia that lacks septa (cross walls)

A

aseptate mycelium

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8
Q

mycelia that develop septa/internal cross walls

A

septate mycelium

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9
Q

structures associated with somatic mycelium

A

rhizoid
appressoria
haustoria
hyphal traps

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10
Q

threadlike branched or unbranched structures formed in the somatic mycelium

A

rhizoid

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11
Q

special structures for attachment to the host in the early stages of infection; localized swellings of the tips of germ tubes

A

appressoria

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12
Q

lateral outgrowths of intercellular hyphae specially modified for absorption of nutrients

A

haustoria

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13
Q

found in predacious fungi for the capture of small animals, protozoa, or nematodes

A

hyphal traps

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14
Q

specialized trapping mechanisms utilized by predacious fungi

A

adhesive knobs
adhesive lateral branches
adhesive nets
non-constricting rings
constricting rings

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15
Q

single-celled, sessile or stalked, globose knobs, covered by a sticky substance

A

adhesive knobs

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16
Q

short lateral branches composed of a few cells which are held in an upright position above the level of the mycelium

A

adhesive lateral branches

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16
Q

networks formed by the anastomosing of the recurved branch tips of a lateral branch system

A

adhesive nets

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17
Q

three-celled rings formed by recurved anastomosis of the tip of a lateral branch

A

non-constricting rings

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18
Q

inner surface of the ring is stimulated by the contact, the individual cells rapidly inflate and occlude the lumen of the trap

A

constricting rings

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19
Q

flagellation in fungi

A

whiplash type
blunt type
tinsel type

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20
Q

smooth flexible type flagella which has a narrow end piece

A

whiplash type

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21
Q

whiplash type that has a smooth surface but lacks the end piece

A

blunt type

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22
Q

bears surface hair-like appendages known as flimmer hairs on its surface

A

tinsel type

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23
Q

reproduction in fungi

A

asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction

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24
Q

asexual reproduction

A

vegetative reproduction
asexual spores

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25
Q

vegetative reproduction

A

fragmentation
fission
budding

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26
Q

asexual spores

A

arthrospores
chlamydospores
sporangiospores
conidiospores
blastospores

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27
Q

sexual reproduction

A

planogametic copulation
hologamy
autogamy
spermatization
somatogamy
gametangial copulation
gametangial contact

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28
Q

reproduction that involves three different phases: plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis

A

sexual reproduction

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29
Q

the fungal hyphae break into small pieces and each piece may later grow into a new mycelium

A

fragmentation

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30
Q

It is a common method of reproduction in fission yeasts. Here the cell divides into two daughter cells of identical size which separate by constriction or transverse walls.

A

fission

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31
Q

A small outgrowth or bud emerges from the parent cell and the nucleus of the parent cell divides into two. One of the nuclei is incorporated into the bud and this may or may not be separated from the parent cell.

A

budding

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32
Q

specialized vegetative hyphae divide by frequent septation into cylindrical spores

A

arthrospores

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33
Q

thick-walled, resistant spores formed by terminal or intercalary cells of the hypha and are released after death of hyphae

A

chlamydospores

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34
Q

spores develop within a sac (sporangium) at a hyphal tip

A

sporangiospores

35
Q

spores are not enclosed in a sac but produced at the tips or sides of the hyphae

A

conidiospores

36
Q

Conidiophore branching patterns observed in Penicillium

A

Conidiospores with solitary phialides
Monoverticillate
Divaricate
Biverticillate
Terverticillate
Quaterverticillate

37
Q

spores produced from a vegetative mother cell by budding

A

blastospores

38
Q

involves fusion of two naked, free gametes, one or both of which may be motile

A

planogametic copulation

39
Q

when the two fusing gametes are of the same size and shape

A

isogametes

40
Q

fungi that exhibits isogamy

A

Chytridiales

41
Q

the two planogametes are morphologically similar but different in size

A

anisogamy

42
Q

fungi exhibiting anisogamy

A

Allomyces

43
Q

fusion of a motile male gamete with a non-motile female gamete (oosphere) contained in an oogonium

A

oogamy

44
Q

type of gametangial copulation in which fusion takes place between two mature somatic cells functioning as gametangia. No gametes are formed in this case

A

hologamy

45
Q

when the antheridium touches the ascogonium, there is dissolution of the walls at the point of contact. But there is no migration of male protoplast or nucleus into the ascogonium. Mere contact stimulates the ascogonial nuclei to arrange themselves in functional pairs or dikaryons
– though the antheridium is produced morphologically, it is non-functional

A

autogamy

46
Q

fungi exhibiting autogamy

A

yeast

47
Q

male gametangia are very much reduced and are not formed. Minute conidia act like male gametes are called spermatia.

A

spermatization

48
Q

– total elimination of the formation of both the make and female sex organs
– fusion between undifferentiated vegetative cells

A

somatogamy (somatic copulation)

49
Q

entire contents of the two gamentangia fuse and become one

A

gametangial copulation

50
Q

takes place between the ascogonium (female gametangium) and antheridium (male gametangium). When antheridium and oogonium come in contact, the slender tubular outgrowth at the point of contact with the oogonium (fertilization tube), pierces the oogonial wall and releases the male nucleus into the oogonium where it fuses with the female nucleus

A

gamentangial contact

51
Q

types of ascocarps

A

naked asci
cleistothecium
perthecium
apothecium

52
Q

type of ascus

A

ascal pore
operculum
slit
pore

53
Q

named for their characteristic structure or cell, the basidium, that is involved in sexual reproduction

A

basidiomycetes

54
Q

fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes

A

basidiocarps

55
Q

types of basidiocarps

A

agaricales
polyporales
lycoperdales
nidulariales

56
Q

the basidiocarp has a stalklike portion, the stipe and an umbrella-shaped cup, the pileus. from the underside of the pileus, many thin vertical strips or plates of tissue called the gills or lamellae hang down

A

agaricales

57
Q

the basidiocarp is differentiated into a short stalk or stipe which is terminated by a rounded caplike structure, the pileus. The upper surface of the pileus is flat and the lower surface of the pileus bears numerous fine pores.

A

polyporales

58
Q

the fertile part of the basidiocarp is called gleba and it is powdery. Lycoperdon, the fruit body is called puffball and the basidiocarp is lobose, pear-shaped, ovoid and fleshy when young.

A

lycoperdales

59
Q

these are called the “bird’s nest fungi” since the fruit body looks like a nest containing the eggs. The gleba is divided into several hard structures called peridioles

A

nidulariales

60
Q

categories of fungi according to morphology

A

yeast form
yeast-like fungi
dimorphic fungi
filamentous fungi

61
Q

categories of fungi according to ecology

A

aquatic fungi
soil fungi
root-inhabiting fungi

62
Q

mychorrhizal fungi

A

ectomycorrhiza
endomycorrhiza
vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal ()
ectendomychorriza

63
Q

fungi that grow on dung or excretory matter of herbivorous animals (cow, goat, horse, etc.)

A

coprophilous fungi

64
Q

example of coprophilous fungi

A

Peziza and Pilobolus

65
Q

fungi which grow on wood or timber of higher plants; able to use lignin, a secondary cell wall material, for their nutrition

A

lignicolous fungi

66
Q

example of lignicolous fungi

A

wood rotters
Polyporus sp.

67
Q

fungi which grow on substrates rich in cellulose

A

Cellulolytic fungi

68
Q

examples of cellulolytic fungi

A

Penicillium and Chaetomium

69
Q

fungi which have the ability to degrade the hard keratin; causes ringworm, athlete’s feet and other related diseases

A

keratinophilic fungi

70
Q

examples of keratinophilic fungi

A

Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum

71
Q

fungi associated with insects are parasitic on them

A

entomogenous fungi

72
Q

fungi which attack living nematodes and consume them

A

predacious fungi

73
Q

examples of predacious fungi

A

Dactylaria, Dactylella, Arthrobotrys robusta, Monacsosporium drechsleri

74
Q

fungi which are able to complete their life cycle on the living leaf without damaging it

A

phylloplane fungi

75
Q

examples of phylloplane fungi

A

Sporobolomyces, Cladosporium and Aureobasidium, Cladosporium spp.

76
Q

fungi which grow best at low temperatures usually below 5°C

A

psychrophilic fungi

77
Q

examples of psychrophilic fungi

A

Candida gelide, Sclerotinia boreatis and Tyhula trifolii

78
Q

psychrophilic fungi that occur in frozen foods

A

Aureobasidium pullulans

79
Q

psychrophilic fungi that looks black spot of chilled or frozen meat

A

Cladosporium herbarum

80
Q

fungi in one whose minimum temperature for growth is 20°C or above and maximum temperature for growth is 50°C and above

A

thermophilic fungi

81
Q

examples of thermophilic fungi

A

Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium emersonii, Mucor pusilus and Humicola insolens

82
Q

lives in ecto-symbiotic association with the wood-boring beetles

A

ambrosia fungi

83
Q

transmitted by specialized organs called mycetangia or mycangia (pouchlike structure)

A

ambrosia fungi

84
Q

example of ambrosia fungi

A

Monilia candida

85
Q

fungi that colonize the internal plant tissues at a certain stage of its life cycle without harming the host

A

endophytic fungi

86
Q

Economically Important Fungi

A

Agaricus campestris
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Acremonium
Penicillium camemberti
Penicillium chrysogenum
Ganoderma
Aspergillus flavus
Candida albicans
Penicillium roqueforti
Trichophyton rubrum

BIO 200 - Microbiology (6 decks)

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