fungi

Question 1

characteristics of fungi

Answer 1

• Eukaryote, spore-producing achlorophyllous organism
• Unicellular (yeast form) to multicellular (microscopic mold) and macroscopic mushrooms/puffballs
• Cell wall is made of chitin; cellulose occurs in the cell walls of Oomycetes and Hyphochytridiomycetes
• major food reserve is glycogen
• reproduce asexually and sexually
• grow in diverse habitats
• most fungi are saprophytes and aerobic

Question 2

4 divisions of fungi and its common name

Answer 2

zygomycota: zygomycetes
ascomycota: sac fungi
basidiomycota: club fungi
deuteromycota: Fungi Imperfecti

Question 3

2 kinds of thallus

Answer 3

eucarpic thallus
holocarpic thallus

Question 4

thallus is differentiated into a vegetative part which absorbs nutrients and a reproductive part which forms reproductive structures

Answer 4

eucarpic thallus

Question 5

thallus does not show this differentiation; after a phase of vegetative growth, changes into one or more reproductive structures

Answer 5

holocarpic thallus

Question 6

kinds of mycelia

Answer 6

aseptate mycelium
septate mycelium

Question 7

mycelia that lacks septa (cross walls)

Answer 7

aseptate mycelium

Question 8

mycelia that develop septa/internal cross walls

Answer 8

septate mycelium

Question 9

structures associated with somatic mycelium

Answer 9

rhizoid
appressoria
haustoria
hyphal traps

Question 10

threadlike branched or unbranched structures formed in the somatic mycelium

Answer 10

rhizoid

Question 11

special structures for attachment to the host in the early stages of infection; localized swellings of the tips of germ tubes

Answer 11

appressoria

Question 12

lateral outgrowths of intercellular hyphae specially modified for absorption of nutrients

Answer 12

haustoria

Question 13

found in predacious fungi for the capture of small animals, protozoa, or nematodes

Answer 13

hyphal traps

Question 14

specialized trapping mechanisms utilized by predacious fungi

Answer 14

adhesive knobs
adhesive lateral branches
adhesive nets
non-constricting rings
constricting rings

Question 15

single-celled, sessile or stalked, globose knobs, covered by a sticky substance

Answer 15

adhesive knobs

Question 16

short lateral branches composed of a few cells which are held in an upright position above the level of the mycelium

Answer 16

adhesive lateral branches

Question 16

networks formed by the anastomosing of the recurved branch tips of a lateral branch system

Answer 16

adhesive nets

Question 17

three-celled rings formed by recurved anastomosis of the tip of a lateral branch

Answer 17

non-constricting rings

Question 18

inner surface of the ring is stimulated by the contact, the individual cells rapidly inflate and occlude the lumen of the trap

Answer 18

constricting rings

Question 19

flagellation in fungi

Answer 19

whiplash type
blunt type
tinsel type

Question 20

smooth flexible type flagella which has a narrow end piece

Answer 20

whiplash type

Question 21

whiplash type that has a smooth surface but lacks the end piece

Answer 21

blunt type

Question 22

bears surface hair-like appendages known as flimmer hairs on its surface

Answer 22

tinsel type

Question 23

reproduction in fungi

Answer 23

asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction

Question 24

asexual reproduction

Answer 24

vegetative reproduction asexual spores

Question 25

vegetative reproduction

Answer 25

fragmentation fission budding

Question 26

asexual spores

Answer 26

arthrospores chlamydospores sporangiospores conidiospores blastospores

Question 27

sexual reproduction

Answer 27

planogametic copulation hologamy autogamy spermatization somatogamy gametangial copulation gametangial contact

Question 28

reproduction that involves three different phases: plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis

Answer 28

sexual reproduction

Question 29

the fungal hyphae break into small pieces and each piece may later grow into a new mycelium

Answer 29

fragmentation

Question 30

It is a common method of reproduction in fission yeasts. Here the cell divides into two daughter cells of identical size which separate by constriction or transverse walls.

Answer 30

fission

Question 31

A small outgrowth or bud emerges from the parent cell and the nucleus of the parent cell divides into two. One of the nuclei is incorporated into the bud and this may or may not be separated from the parent cell.

Answer 31

budding

Question 32

specialized vegetative hyphae divide by frequent septation into cylindrical spores

Answer 32

arthrospores

Question 33

thick-walled, resistant spores formed by terminal or intercalary cells of the hypha and are released after death of hyphae

Answer 33

chlamydospores

Question 34

spores develop within a sac (sporangium) at a hyphal tip

Answer 34

sporangiospores

Question 35

spores are not enclosed in a sac but produced at the tips or sides of the hyphae

Answer 35

conidiospores

Question 36

Conidiophore branching patterns observed in Penicillium

Answer 36

Conidiospores with solitary phialides Monoverticillate Divaricate Biverticillate Terverticillate Quaterverticillate

Question 37

spores produced from a vegetative mother cell by budding

Answer 37

blastospores

Question 38

involves fusion of two naked, free gametes, one or both of which may be motile

Answer 38

planogametic copulation

Question 39

when the two fusing gametes are of the same size and shape

Answer 39

isogametes

Question 40

fungi that exhibits isogamy

Answer 40

Chytridiales

Question 41

the two planogametes are morphologically similar but different in size

Answer 41

anisogamy

Question 42

fungi exhibiting anisogamy

Answer 42

Allomyces

Question 43

fusion of a motile male gamete with a non-motile female gamete (oosphere) contained in an oogonium

Answer 43

oogamy

Question 44

type of gametangial copulation in which fusion takes place between two mature somatic cells functioning as gametangia. No gametes are formed in this case

Answer 44

hologamy

Question 45

when the antheridium touches the ascogonium, there is dissolution of the walls at the point of contact. But there is no migration of male protoplast or nucleus into the ascogonium. Mere contact stimulates the ascogonial nuclei to arrange themselves in functional pairs or dikaryons – though the antheridium is produced morphologically, it is non-functional

Answer 45

autogamy

Question 46

fungi exhibiting autogamy

Answer 46

yeast

Question 47

male gametangia are very much reduced and are not formed. Minute conidia act like male gametes are called spermatia.

Answer 47

spermatization

Question 48

– total elimination of the formation of both the make and female sex organs – fusion between undifferentiated vegetative cells

Answer 48

somatogamy (somatic copulation)

Question 49

entire contents of the two gamentangia fuse and become one

Answer 49

gametangial copulation

Question 50

takes place between the ascogonium (female gametangium) and antheridium (male gametangium). When antheridium and oogonium come in contact, the slender tubular outgrowth at the point of contact with the oogonium (fertilization tube), pierces the oogonial wall and releases the male nucleus into the oogonium where it fuses with the female nucleus

Answer 50

gamentangial contact

Question 51

types of ascocarps

Answer 51

naked asci cleistothecium perthecium apothecium

Question 52

type of ascus

Answer 52

ascal pore operculum slit pore

Question 53

named for their characteristic structure or cell, the basidium, that is involved in sexual reproduction

Answer 53

basidiomycetes

Question 54

fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes

Answer 54

basidiocarps

Question 55

types of basidiocarps

Answer 55

agaricales polyporales lycoperdales nidulariales

Question 56

the basidiocarp has a stalklike portion, the stipe and an umbrella-shaped cup, the pileus. from the underside of the pileus, many thin vertical strips or plates of tissue called the gills or lamellae hang down

Answer 56

agaricales

Question 57

the basidiocarp is differentiated into a short stalk or stipe which is terminated by a rounded caplike structure, the pileus. The upper surface of the pileus is flat and the lower surface of the pileus bears numerous fine pores.

Answer 57

polyporales

Question 58

the fertile part of the basidiocarp is called gleba and it is powdery. Lycoperdon, the fruit body is called puffball and the basidiocarp is lobose, pear-shaped, ovoid and fleshy when young.

Answer 58

lycoperdales

Question 59

these are called the “bird’s nest fungi” since the fruit body looks like a nest containing the eggs. The gleba is divided into several hard structures called peridioles

Answer 59

nidulariales

Question 60

categories of fungi according to morphology

Answer 60

yeast form yeast-like fungi dimorphic fungi filamentous fungi

Question 61

categories of fungi according to ecology

Answer 61

aquatic fungi soil fungi root-inhabiting fungi

Question 62

mychorrhizal fungi

Answer 62

ectomycorrhiza endomycorrhiza vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal () ectendomychorriza

Question 63

fungi that grow on dung or excretory matter of herbivorous animals (cow, goat, horse, etc.)

Answer 63

coprophilous fungi

Question 64

example of coprophilous fungi

Answer 64

Peziza and Pilobolus

Question 65

fungi which grow on wood or timber of higher plants; able to use lignin, a secondary cell wall material, for their nutrition

Answer 65

lignicolous fungi

Question 66

example of lignicolous fungi

Answer 66

wood rotters Polyporus sp.

Question 67

fungi which grow on substrates rich in cellulose

Answer 67

Cellulolytic fungi

Question 68

examples of cellulolytic fungi

Answer 68

Penicillium and Chaetomium

Question 69

fungi which have the ability to degrade the hard keratin; causes ringworm, athlete’s feet and other related diseases

Answer 69

keratinophilic fungi

Question 70

examples of keratinophilic fungi

Answer 70

Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum

Question 71

fungi associated with insects are parasitic on them

Answer 71

entomogenous fungi

Question 72

fungi which attack living nematodes and consume them

Answer 72

predacious fungi

Question 73

examples of predacious fungi

Answer 73

Dactylaria, Dactylella, Arthrobotrys robusta, Monacsosporium drechsleri

Question 74

fungi which are able to complete their life cycle on the living leaf without damaging it

Answer 74

phylloplane fungi

Question 75

examples of phylloplane fungi

Answer 75

Sporobolomyces, Cladosporium and Aureobasidium, Cladosporium spp.

Question 76

fungi which grow best at low temperatures usually below 5°C

Answer 76

psychrophilic fungi

Question 77

examples of psychrophilic fungi

Answer 77

Candida gelide, Sclerotinia boreatis and Tyhula trifolii

Question 78

psychrophilic fungi that occur in frozen foods

Answer 78

Aureobasidium pullulans

Question 79

psychrophilic fungi that looks black spot of chilled or frozen meat

Answer 79

Cladosporium herbarum

Question 80

fungi in one whose minimum temperature for growth is 20°C or above and maximum temperature for growth is 50°C and above

Answer 80

thermophilic fungi

Question 81

examples of thermophilic fungi

Answer 81

Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium emersonii, Mucor pusilus and Humicola insolens

Question 82

lives in ecto-symbiotic association with the wood-boring beetles

Answer 82

ambrosia fungi

Question 83

transmitted by specialized organs called mycetangia or mycangia (pouchlike structure)

Answer 83

ambrosia fungi

Question 84

example of ambrosia fungi

Answer 84

Monilia candida

Question 85

fungi that colonize the internal plant tissues at a certain stage of its life cycle without harming the host

Answer 85

endophytic fungi

Question 86

Economically Important Fungi

Answer 86

Agaricus campestris Saccharomyces cerevisiae Acremonium Penicillium camemberti Penicillium chrysogenum Ganoderma Aspergillus flavus Candida albicans Penicillium roqueforti Trichophyton rubrum