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Clinical Micro > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

General description fungi

A

Aerobic, eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Unicellular growth form of fungi

A

Yeast

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3
Q

Threadlike branching, cylindrical tubules composed of fungal cells attached end to end

A

Hyphae

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4
Q

Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined, branching hyphae

A

Mold

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5
Q

Reproduction bodies of molds

A

Spores

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6
Q

Fungi that can grow either as yeast or mold, depending on environmental conditions and temperature

A

Dimorphic fungi

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7
Q

What do dimorphic fungi typically grow as at body temperature?

A

Yeast

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8
Q

Fungi that live in and utilize organic matter as an energy source

A

Saprophyte

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9
Q

Describe fungal morphology

A

Bilayer cell membrane with sterols
Cell wall
Capsule (avoid Phagocytosis)

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10
Q

Sterol in fungi that infect humans

A

Ergosterol

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11
Q

Stain for cryptococcus neoformans

A

India ink, shows capsule

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12
Q

Fungal infections of skin, hair, and nail

A

Dermatophytosis

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13
Q

What is the genius is the genius for common fungal hair/ skin/ nail infections

A

Tinea

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14
Q

Fungal infection that causes thrush, diaper rash, and vaginitis

A

Candida albicans

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15
Q

What disease does sporthix schenkii cause?

A

Sporotrichosis

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16
Q

Transmission of Sporotrichosis

A

Fungus enters skin from puncture of a thorn (fungus grows on plants)

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17
Q

Fungal disease from fungus that grows on rotting wood

A

Chroniblastomycosis

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18
Q

Regionally important fungi that cause systemic disease

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis

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19
Q

Morphology of blasto, histo, and coccidioides

A

Dimorphic
Yeast at body temp on blood sugar
Mycelial with spores under 25C

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20
Q

Geography of histoplasma

A

Mississippi river basin

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21
Q

Geography of blastomycosis

A

Mississippi river basin

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22
Q

Geography coccidioides

A

Southwest and northern Meixco

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23
Q

Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients that reside in AZ

A

Coccidioides

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24
Q

Transmission of histo, blasto, and coccidioides

A

Inhaled spore

Histo- bird and bat droppings
Blasto- soil and rotten wood
Coccidioides - soil

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25
Q

Clinical manifestations of histo, blasto, and coccidioides

A

1) asymptomatic (most)
2) pneumonia
3) disseminated (rare, immunocompromised)

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26
Q

Best method to dx histo, blasto, coccidioides? What method is not very useful?

A

Tissue biopsy
Skin PPD not useful since most people exposed and asymptomatic

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27
Q

Like TB, what can the pneumo look like in histo, blasto, and coccidioides?

A

Lung calcifications, granulomas, and cavitations

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28
Q

Morphology of cryptococcus

A

Encapsulated yeast

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29
Q

Two species of cryptococcus that cause disease

A

Neoformans and gattii

30
Q

Transmission of cryptococcus neoformans

A

Inhalation, usually from pigeon dropings

31
Q

Cryptococcus clinical in severely immunocompromised hosts

A

-meningitis, which leads to death without treatment

32
Q

Clinical signs candida in immunocompromised hosts

A

1) esophagitis (spread of thrush)
2) disseminated- any organ

33
Q

Dx disseminated candidas

A

Candida detected in blood

34
Q

3 clinical manifestations of aspergillus

A

1) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
2) aspergilloma
3) invasive aspergillosis

35
Q

Form of aspergillosis when spores inhaled and there is an IgE hypersensitivity reaction with an increase in eosinophils (similar to asthma)

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

36
Q

Describe aspergilloma

A

In TB patients, balls of fungal aspergillus form in lung cavities

37
Q

Who is impacted by invasive aspergillosis?

A

End-stage AIDS, high dose steroids for graft

38
Q

What fungi produces the mycotoxin aflatoxin

A

Aspergillus

39
Q

Toxins that cause liver damage

A

Mycotoxins

40
Q

Reservoir for aspergillus

A

Air

41
Q

Opportunistic fungal infection that aggressively invades sinuses, cranial bones, and blood vessels and requires aggressive treatment

A

Mucormycosis

42
Q

Who is at risk for mucormycosis?

A

Diabetics
Immunocompromised
Burn victims
Persons taking iron chelator deferoxamind

43
Q

Where is mucormycosis found?

A

Everywhere in the environment

44
Q

Bacteria that grow like fungi in soil and water

A

Acinomycetes and norcardia

45
Q

Basic description of actinomycete

A

Gram positive rod
Anaerobic
Filamentous
Part of normal mouth and GI flora

46
Q

Clinical manifestation acinomycete

A
  • causes abscesses in GI tract or mouth when there is trauma to the mucous mebrane
47
Q

Key differences between norcardia and actinomyces

A
  • norcardia- acid fast
  • actinomyces- sulfur granules
48
Q

Basic description norcardia

A

Weakly gram positive
Partially acid fast
Gram positive rod
Branching filaments

49
Q

Clinical manifestations of norcardia

A

Looks like TB
Inhaled
Cavitations of lung
Erosion pleural space

50
Q

Who is at risk for norcardia

A
  • immunocompromised, esp those taking steroids
51
Q

Is norcardia part of the normal GI flora?

A

No, never

52
Q

What do antifungal drugs target?

A

Ergosterol in fungal cells wall

53
Q

What are the types of antifungals

A

1) amphotericin b
2) flucytosine (anti metabolic)
3) azoles
4) glycan synthesis inhibitors (aka echinocandins
5) allylamines (topical)

54
Q

First line antifungal for serious systemic infections, works against most fungus. iV, Many side effects.

A

Amphotericin B

55
Q

Common side effects of amphotericin B

A

Renal toxicity
Acute febrile reaction
Anemia
Inflammation of vein

56
Q

How to reduce nephrotoxicity from amphotericin B

A

Add lipids

57
Q

Anti-fungals used in conjunction with amphotericin B (due to resistance). Used solely for cryptococcus meningitis

A

Flucytosine

58
Q

Common side effect of anti- metabolite drugs (flucytosine, methotrexate, sulfa-drugs, 5- fluorouracil, etc.)

A
  • Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia resulting from bone marrow depression
  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
59
Q

Hat are the two families of azole antifungals?

A

-imidazoles
- triazoles

60
Q

Drugs that are active against broad spectrum fungi by inhibiting cytochrome P-450

A

Azoles

61
Q

Difference between imidazoles and triazoles

A

Triazoles tolerated orally and used for systemic fungal infections

Imidazoles mainly topical or suppository for local fungal infection, otherwise toxic

62
Q

Toxicity keta onazole

A

1) gi
2) hepatotoxicity
3) inhibits testosterone synthesis
4) adrenal suppression

63
Q

Primary antifungal used for susceptible candida infections (superficial and disseminated)

A

Fluconazole (one of the triazoles)

64
Q

Antifungal used to trade chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, and indolent aspergillus

A

Itraconazole

65
Q

Main antifungal against invasive aspergillus and fluconazole resistant candida spp. Board spectrum, not as toxic as amphotericin B

A

Voriconazole

66
Q

Newest azoles that are used for bad cases of aspergillus and mucormycosis which are otherwise hard to treat

A

Posaconazole and isavuconazole

67
Q

iV antifungals that treat species of candida and invasive aspergillosis that fails conventional therapy

A

Echinicandins

68
Q

Used for oral, esophageal, and gastric candidas (formula oral, swish and spit out or topical for vaginal candida) . Too toxic for IV)

A

Nystatin

69
Q

Static antifungal that inhibits fungal growth in skin, hair, and nails

A

Griseofulvin

70
Q

Treatment for sporotrichosis

A

Potassium iodide

Clinical Micro (12 decks)

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