Bacteria

Question 1

Gram stain process

Answer 1

1) crystal violet
2) iodine
3) alcohol
4) counter stain safranin

Question 2

Characteristics of gram positive

Answer 2

Peptidoglycan, techoic acid

Question 3

Characteristics gram negative

Answer 3

Lipid a endotoxin, lps, thin peptidoglycan layer, o specific side chain, porin channel

Question 4

Are gram positive or gram negative resistant to penicillin?

Answer 4

Gram negative

Question 5

Gram positive bacteria and shapes

Answer 5

Cocci chains: streptococcus and enterococcus
Clusters of cocci: staphylococcus
Spore forming rods: bacillus and clostridium
Non-spore forming rods: corynebacterium and listeria

Question 6

Gram negative diplococci

Answer 6

Neisseria and moraxella

Question 7

Gram negative spirals, example

Answer 7

Spirochete- Treponema pallidum

Question 8

Acid fast

Answer 8

Mycobacterium, norcardia

Question 9

Shape of most gram negative organisms

Answer 9

Rods

Question 10

Gram positive obligate aerobes

Answer 10

Norcardia
Bacillus cereus

Question 11

Gram positive facultative anaerobes

Answer 11

Staphylococcus
Bacillus anthracis
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Actionomyces

Question 12

Gram positive Microaerophilic

Answer 12

Enterococcus
Streptococcus

Question 13

Gram positive Obligate anaerobe

Answer 13

Clostridium

Question 14

Gram negative obligate aerobe

Answer 14

Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Bordetella
Legionella
Brucella

Question 15

Gram negative facultative anaerobe

Answer 15

Most gram negative rods

Question 16

Gram negative microaerophilic

Answer 16

Spirochetes (treponema, borrelia, leptospira) and campylobacter

Question 17

Gram negative obligate anaerobe

Answer 17

Bacteroides

Question 18

Acid fast obligate aerobe

Answer 18

Mycobacterium
Norcardia

Question 19

No cell wall facultative aerobe

Answer 19

Mycoplasma

Question 20

Obligate intracellular organisms, examples

Answer 20

Not capable of metabolic pathways for ATP so steal ATP from host
Chlamydia
Rikettsia

Question 21

Purpose of pili, examples of bacteria with pili

Answer 21

Help with adhesion- gonorrhea (cervical cells), e coli and campy (gi) bordetella pertussis (resp)

Question 22

Capsules, function, example

Answer 22

Gelatinous carb rich layers that surround dome bacteria, macrophages unable to phagocytosis encapsulated bacteria unless antibodies bound to capsule through opsonization, example strep

Question 23

What is an endospore, what bacteria form endospores

Answer 23

Dormant forms of bacteria that are resistant to heat, cold, drying, and chemical agents

Bacillus and clostridium

Question 24

Biofilm, example for catheters

Answer 24

Extracellular polysaccharide that forms scaffold around bacteria

Staph epidermis on IV catheters

Question 25

Facultative intracellular organisms, definition and organism names

Answer 25

Can survive in macrophages and avoid phagocytosis

Listen Sally, your friend Bruce must leave now

1. Listeria monocytogenes
2. Salmonella typhi
3. Yersinia
4. Francisella tularensis
5. Brucella
6. Mycobacterium
7. Legionella
8. Norcardia

Question 26

Endotoxin description

Answer 26

Lipid a, gram negative bacteria, when cell undergoes lysis

Question 27

Exotoxon

Answer 27

Mostly gram positive, some gram negative

Question 28

Process of septic shock

Answer 28

Bacteremia, tumor necrosis factor triggers release of cytokine interleukin-1 which triggers other cytokine and prostaglandins, vasodilation, drop in blood pressure, organ dysfunction

Question 29

CAMP exotoxon producing bacteria

Answer 29

Cholera
Anthrax
Montezuma revenge (etec)
Pertussis

Question 30

Transformation

Answer 30

Piece of DNA from dead bacteria taken into same species, similar live bacterial DNA. Example smooth and rough strep pneumo

Question 31

Transduction

Answer 31

Bacteriophage (virus) carries piece of bacterial DNA from one bacteria to another

Question 32

Conjugation

Answer 32

Bacterial sex

Question 33

Transposon

Answer 33

Mobile genetic elements, carry genes for antibiotic resistance and virulence factors