- cis = large groups on the same side - trans = large groups are on opposite sides

Functional Groups Flashcards by Emma Sellers

alkane general formula

CnH2n+2

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alkane general structure

ONLY single bonded carbons

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smallest alkane molecule

methane

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uses of alkane

combustion reactions

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examples of alkanes

mineral oil, petroleum jelly, paraffin max

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notable features of alkane

-non-reactive
-non-polar
-hydrophobic
-saturated
- LOWEST BOILING POINT

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alkene general formula

CnH2n

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alkene general structure

contains at least one double carbon bond

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smallest alkene molecule

ethene

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uses of alkene molecules

addition reactions
1. alkene + hydrogen –> alkane
2. alkene + water –> alcohol
3. alkene + halogen —> reaction

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alkene + hydrogen product?

alkane

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alkene + water product?

alcohol

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examples of alkenes

plastic (ethene)

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notable features of alkene

-non-polar
-reactive
-unsaturated

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cis vs tran isomer

cis = large groups on the same side
trans = large groups are on opposite sides

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alkyne general formula

CnH2n-2

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alkyne general structure

contains at least one triple carbon bond

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smallest molecule of alkyne

ethyne

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uses of alkynes

-ethyne (ripen fruit)
-drugs

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notable features of alkynes

-nonpolar
-reactive
-unsaturated

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aromatic general structure

compounds made with cyclic rings

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smallest molecule of aromatic

benzene

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uses of aromatic

-carcinogen (benzene)
-medical antiseptic (phenol)

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phenol structure

-OH attached to a benzene ring

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notable features of aromatic

-less reactive -resonance

alcohol general formula

CnH2n+1OH

alcohol general structure

almost the same as an alkane BUT there is an -OH functional group attached

smallest molecule of alcohol

methanol

examples of alcohols

methanol --> formaldehyde

uses of alcohols

-dehydration reaction -oxidation reactions (alcohol-->carboxylic acids)

notable features of alcohols

-polar -hydrophobic and hydrophilic part -flammable HIGHEST BOILING POINT

ether general structure

R--O--R, oxygen connected to 2 alkyl or aromatic carbons

smallest molecule of an ether

dimethyl ether

examples of ethers

-silkworm (diethyl ether) -plant oils -perfumes

notable features of ethers

-very stable -do not form H-bonds with each other -break an ether back down using a strong acid (substitution reaction)

thiol general structure

-SH, compounds containing an -SH group

examples of thiols

-protein structure -curling hair -repellent (smell)

notable features of thiols

-can be reduced to make disulfide bonds -functions similar to OH

aldehyde general strucutre

carbonyl group at the end of a chain with a hydrogen

smallest molecule of an aldehyde

formaldehyde

uses of aldehydes

- formaldehyde (antiseptic, embalming) - acetaldehyde (ripe fruits, narcotic)

notable features of aldehydes

-moderately polar -H bond with water -liquid

aldehyde oxidation

-aldehyde ----> primary alcohol -aldehyde ----> carboxylic acid

ketone general structure

carbonyl group attached to two carbons

smallest molecule of a ketone

acetone (solvent + produced in the liver)

examples of ketone

acetone (solvent + produced in the liver)

notable features of ketones

-moderately polar -H-bond with water -liquid

reduction of ketones

ketone ---> secondary alcohol

amine general structure

Nitrogen attached to groups

examples of amines

-an amine group + carboxyl acid is in an amino acid -plants

notable features of an amine

-primary, secondary, tertiary (R bonds) -weakly basic

basicity of amines

- increase # of lone pairs, higher negative charge, more basic - decreases conjugation, more basic

carboxylic acid general structure

-COOH group

smallest molecule of carboxylic acid

methanolic acid

examples of carboxylic acids

-acetic acid (vinegar) -a-hydroxy propanoic acid (lactic acid) -acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

notable features of carboxylic acids

-strong sour odors -H bonds -weak acids

esters general structure

-COO, somewhere in the middle of the molecule

examples of esters

flavors and aromas in beer

notable features of esters

-polar -cannot h-bond -volatile

amide general structure

Nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl group

notable features of amide

-polar -can H-bond -not basic

carboxylic acid + alcohol --->

ester + water

carboxylic acid + ammonia --->

amide + water