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Biochemistry > Functional Groups > Flashcards

Functional Groups Flashcards

1
Q

alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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2
Q

alkane general structure

A

ONLY single bonded carbons

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3
Q

smallest alkane molecule

A

methane

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4
Q

uses of alkane

A

combustion reactions

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5
Q

examples of alkanes

A

mineral oil, petroleum jelly, paraffin max

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6
Q

notable features of alkane

A

-non-reactive
-non-polar
-hydrophobic
-saturated
- LOWEST BOILING POINT

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7
Q

alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

alkene general structure

A

contains at least one double carbon bond

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9
Q

smallest alkene molecule

A

ethene

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10
Q

uses of alkene molecules

A

addition reactions
1. alkene + hydrogen –> alkane
2. alkene + water –> alcohol
3. alkene + halogen —> reaction

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11
Q

alkene + hydrogen product?

A

alkane

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12
Q

alkene + water product?

A

alcohol

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13
Q

examples of alkenes

A

plastic (ethene)

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14
Q

notable features of alkene

A

-non-polar
-reactive
-unsaturated

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15
Q

cis vs tran isomer

A
  • cis = large groups on the same side
  • trans = large groups are on opposite sides
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16
Q

alkyne general formula

A

CnH2n-2

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17
Q

alkyne general structure

A

contains at least one triple carbon bond

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18
Q

smallest molecule of alkyne

A

ethyne

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19
Q

uses of alkynes

A

-ethyne (ripen fruit)
-drugs

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20
Q

notable features of alkynes

A

-nonpolar
-reactive
-unsaturated

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21
Q

aromatic general structure

A

compounds made with cyclic rings

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22
Q

smallest molecule of aromatic

A

benzene

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23
Q

uses of aromatic

A

-carcinogen (benzene)
-medical antiseptic (phenol)

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24
Q

phenol structure

A

-OH attached to a benzene ring

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25
Q

notable features of aromatic

A

-less reactive
-resonance

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26
Q

alcohol general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

27
Q

alcohol general structure

A

almost the same as an alkane BUT there is an -OH functional group attached

28
Q

smallest molecule of alcohol

A

methanol

29
Q

examples of alcohols

A

methanol –> formaldehyde

30
Q

uses of alcohols

A

-dehydration reaction
-oxidation reactions (alcohol–>carboxylic acids)

31
Q

notable features of alcohols

A

-polar
-hydrophobic and hydrophilic part
-flammable
HIGHEST BOILING POINT

32
Q

ether general structure

A

R–O–R, oxygen connected to 2 alkyl or aromatic carbons

33
Q

smallest molecule of an ether

A

dimethyl ether

34
Q

examples of ethers

A

-silkworm (diethyl ether)
-plant oils
-perfumes

35
Q

notable features of ethers

A

-very stable
-do not form H-bonds with each other
-break an ether back down using a strong acid (substitution reaction)

36
Q

thiol general structure

A

-SH, compounds containing an -SH group

37
Q

examples of thiols

A

-protein structure
-curling hair
-repellent (smell)

38
Q

notable features of thiols

A

-can be reduced to make disulfide bonds
-functions similar to OH

39
Q

aldehyde general strucutre

A

carbonyl group at the end of a chain with a hydrogen

40
Q

smallest molecule of an aldehyde

A

formaldehyde

41
Q

uses of aldehydes

A
  • formaldehyde (antiseptic, embalming)
  • acetaldehyde (ripe fruits, narcotic)
42
Q

notable features of aldehydes

A

-moderately polar
-H bond with water
-liquid

43
Q

aldehyde oxidation

A

-aldehyde —-> primary alcohol
-aldehyde —-> carboxylic acid

44
Q

ketone general structure

A

carbonyl group attached to two carbons

45
Q

smallest molecule of a ketone

A

acetone (solvent + produced in the liver)

46
Q

examples of ketone

A

acetone (solvent + produced in the liver)

47
Q

notable features of ketones

A

-moderately polar
-H-bond with water
-liquid

48
Q

reduction of ketones

A

ketone —> secondary alcohol

49
Q

amine general structure

A

Nitrogen attached to groups

50
Q

examples of amines

A

-an amine group + carboxyl acid is in an amino acid
-plants

51
Q

notable features of an amine

A

-primary, secondary, tertiary (R bonds)
-weakly basic

52
Q

basicity of amines

A
  • increase # of lone pairs, higher negative charge, more basic
  • decreases conjugation, more basic
53
Q

carboxylic acid general structure

A

-COOH group

54
Q

smallest molecule of carboxylic acid

A

methanolic acid

55
Q

examples of carboxylic acids

A

-acetic acid (vinegar)
-a-hydroxy propanoic acid (lactic acid)
-acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

56
Q

notable features of carboxylic acids

A

-strong sour odors
-H bonds
-weak acids

57
Q

esters general structure

A

-COO, somewhere in the middle of the molecule

58
Q

examples of esters

A

flavors and aromas in beer

59
Q

notable features of esters

A

-polar
-cannot h-bond
-volatile

60
Q

amide general structure

A

Nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl group

61
Q

notable features of amide

A

-polar
-can H-bond
-not basic

62
Q

carboxylic acid + alcohol —>

A

ester + water

63
Q

carboxylic acid + ammonia —>

A

amide + water

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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