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NCSF CPT > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

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NASM ® CPT flashcards
1
Q

Bone structure: 2 components

A

Mineral: provides rigidity (comprised of calcium salts)
Protein: provides resistance to tension

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2
Q

Where is calcium stored in body?

A

98% stored in mineral component of bone

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3
Q

When extra cellular calcium levels are low…

A

Calcium is recruited from bone storage and mobilized to alternate destinations based on need. A significant decrease in bone mineral density can occur if this process occurs over time. (Osteopenia- progresses into osteoporosis).

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4
Q

Two main segments of skeleton:

A

Axial-

Appendicular-

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5
Q

Types of bones

A

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat

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6
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral column
Rib cage

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7
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs and their girdles

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8
Q

Long bones

A

Arms and legs

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9
Q

Short bones

A

Hands and feet

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10
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

Scapula

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12
Q

Bone length increases until…

A

The cartilage is ossified in the epiphyseal plates of long bones. About 90% of bone mass, mineral density, and length is attained by age 18. Important in children: vitamin D, Calcium, regular participation in physical activity.

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13
Q

Bone mineral density timeline:

A

Can be improved until age 30. Beyond that genetics and daily behaviors dictate the rate of decline

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14
Q

Studies show the application of resistant movements improve bone mineral density.

A

Bone mineral density has direct correlation with the strength of attached musculature

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15
Q

T/F: kids can damage epiphyseal plates via exercise

A

False.
No conclusive supporting studies. Find articles.
Analysis of bone stress during play including running and jumping indicates a greater stress than compared to controlled resistance training at a 10rm.

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16
Q

Joint

A

“Articulation”

Is the intersection of two bones.

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17
Q

Ligaments

A

Support internal organs and hold bones together properly in joints.

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18
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bones.

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19
Q

Joint classifications

A

Fibrous- minimal movement
Cartilaginous- moderate movement
Synovial- considerable movement

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20
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Pulls on tendons to produce movement
Maintain posture
Sustain body positions
Support soft tissues

21
Q

Muscle fascia

A

Separates individual muscles and groups.
Provides shape to the fibers it contains.
Maintain intramuscular tension.

22
Q

Spatial Terminology

A

Anterior- structure in front of a reference point
Posterior- structure behind a reference point
Medial-near center of a structure OR movement towards midline
Lateral- away from OR moving away from midline/ body
Proximal- describes a structure nearest to the point of origin
Distal- furthest most from point of origin

23
Q

Movement terms

A 
Flexion- bending of a joint 
Extension- straightening of a joint
Lateral flexion- 
Abduction
Adduction
Protraction
Retraction
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Pronation
Supination
Inversion 
Eversion
24
Q

Midaxillary line

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior segments

25
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Spinal movement to the left or right

Can occur at neck or trunk

26
Q

Protraction

Retraction

A

Movement of a structure towards the anterior surface in a horizontal line

Movement back towards the anatomical position

27
Q

Ankle joint movement

A

Dorsiflexion- toes toward shin.
Plantar Flexion- toes away/ ankle extension
Eversion- plantar surface rotated laterally
Inversion- plantar surface rotated medially

28
Q

Pronation

Supination

A

Palms face posterior (palms down)

Palms face up (palms up)

29
Q

Movement planes

A

Sagittal- body split into side by side halves
Frontal- anterior/posterior
Transverse- superior and inferior (upper/lower)

30
Q

5 regions of spine

A 
Cervical- 7 lordotic (concave) 
Thoracic- 12 kyphosis (convex) 
Lumbar-5 lordotic
Sacral bone kyphotic
Coccygeal bone
31
Q

Lordosis

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal concave curvature of the spine that creates a swayback appearance.

Abnormal convex curvature of the spine that creates a hunchback appearance.

32
Q

Neutral spine

A

Posture that maintains the spines 3 natural curves.

33
Q

Pelvic tilts

A

Anterior- forward (ass up) employed during lofts that load the skeleton
Posterior- (crotch to the sky) loaded trunk Flexion to properly engage the rectus abdominis

34
Q

Movements of the trunk

A

Flexion- prime mover (rectus abdominis) any crunch exercise)
Extension- (erector spinae) hyperextension)
Rotation- (internal/external obliques) EX: cable trunk rotation
Lateral Flexion- (int/ext obliques, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum.)

35
Q

Shoulder joint

A

Glenohumeral joint-
Ball and socket joint that allow for gayest ROM in body.
Combines Flexion with abduction or adduction to provide 360 ROM.
Compromised stability due to ROM.
Pain comes from muscle imbalances or improper lifting.

36
Q

Rotator cuff

A 
Teres minor
Infraspinnatus
Supraspinnatus
Sub-scapularis
Counteracts joint instability
37
Q

GH Articulation movements

A 
Flexion 
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Horizontal adduction
Horizontal abduction
Internal rotation
External rotation
38
Q

Shoulder Flexion prime mover

A

Deltoid- anterior head

39
Q

Shoulder extension prime mover

A

Straight arm- latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major.

Shoulder extension with elbow Flexion- latissimus dorsi

40
Q

Prime mover- shoulder abduction

Adduction

A

Medial head of the deltoid

Latissimus dorsi

41
Q

Prime mover in shoulder horizontal adduction

Abduction

A

Pectoralis major

Posterior head of the deltoid.

42
Q

Prime mover for internal rotation of shoulder

External

A

Subscapularis

There’s minor, infraspinnatus

43
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

Refers to the connectivity of the scapulae with the glenohumeral joints.

Make up “shoulder complex”

Scapular elevation- upper trapezius
Depression- lower trapezius, pectoralis minor
Protraction- serratus anterior
Retraction- Rhomboid major
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
44
Q

Movements of the elbow

A

Flexion- Biceps Bracii

Extension- triceps braccii

45
Q

Movements of the wrist

A 
Flexion 
Extension
Supination
Pronation
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
46
Q

Movements of the hip

A

Flexion- iliopsoas
Extension- gluteus Maximus, upper hamstring
Hyperextension-
Abduct- glute medius, mute minimis, tensor fascia latae
Adduct- bare is longus, brevis Magnus, pectineus.
Internally rotate
Externally rotate- piriformus

47
Q

Knee movements

A

Flexion- biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembinosus.

Extension- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

48
Q

Ankle movements

A

Plantar flexion- gastrocnemius, soleus
Dorsiflexion- tibialis anterior
Eversion-
Inversion

NCSF CPT (8 decks)

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