Functional Anatomy Flashcards
Bone structure: 2 components
Mineral: provides rigidity (comprised of calcium salts)
Protein: provides resistance to tension
Where is calcium stored in body?
98% stored in mineral component of bone
When extra cellular calcium levels are low…
Calcium is recruited from bone storage and mobilized to alternate destinations based on need. A significant decrease in bone mineral density can occur if this process occurs over time. (Osteopenia- progresses into osteoporosis).
Two main segments of skeleton:
Axial-
Appendicular-
Types of bones
Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Axial skeleton
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral column
Rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs and their girdles
Long bones
Arms and legs
Short bones
Hands and feet
Irregular bones
Vertebrae
Flat bones
Scapula
Bone length increases until…
The cartilage is ossified in the epiphyseal plates of long bones. About 90% of bone mass, mineral density, and length is attained by age 18. Important in children: vitamin D, Calcium, regular participation in physical activity.
Bone mineral density timeline:
Can be improved until age 30. Beyond that genetics and daily behaviors dictate the rate of decline
Studies show the application of resistant movements improve bone mineral density.
Bone mineral density has direct correlation with the strength of attached musculature
T/F: kids can damage epiphyseal plates via exercise
False.
No conclusive supporting studies. Find articles.
Analysis of bone stress during play including running and jumping indicates a greater stress than compared to controlled resistance training at a 10rm.
Joint
“Articulation”
Is the intersection of two bones.
Ligaments
Support internal organs and hold bones together properly in joints.
Tendons
Connect muscles to bones.
Joint classifications
Fibrous- minimal movement
Cartilaginous- moderate movement
Synovial- considerable movement
Skeletal muscle
Pulls on tendons to produce movement
Maintain posture
Sustain body positions
Support soft tissues
Muscle fascia
Separates individual muscles and groups.
Provides shape to the fibers it contains.
Maintain intramuscular tension.
Spatial Terminology
Anterior- structure in front of a reference point
Posterior- structure behind a reference point
Medial-near center of a structure OR movement towards midline
Lateral- away from OR moving away from midline/ body
Proximal- describes a structure nearest to the point of origin
Distal- furthest most from point of origin
Movement terms
Flexion- bending of a joint Extension- straightening of a joint Lateral flexion- Abduction Adduction Protraction Retraction Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Pronation Supination Inversion Eversion
Midaxillary line
Divides the body into anterior and posterior segments
Lateral Flexion
Spinal movement to the left or right
Can occur at neck or trunk
Protraction
Retraction
Movement of a structure towards the anterior surface in a horizontal line
Movement back towards the anatomical position
Ankle joint movement
Dorsiflexion- toes toward shin.
Plantar Flexion- toes away/ ankle extension
Eversion- plantar surface rotated laterally
Inversion- plantar surface rotated medially
Pronation
Supination
Palms face posterior (palms down)
Palms face up (palms up)
Movement planes
Sagittal- body split into side by side halves
Frontal- anterior/posterior
Transverse- superior and inferior (upper/lower)
5 regions of spine
Cervical- 7 lordotic (concave) Thoracic- 12 kyphosis (convex) Lumbar-5 lordotic Sacral bone kyphotic Coccygeal bone
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Abnormal concave curvature of the spine that creates a swayback appearance.
Abnormal convex curvature of the spine that creates a hunchback appearance.
Neutral spine
Posture that maintains the spines 3 natural curves.
Pelvic tilts
Anterior- forward (ass up) employed during lofts that load the skeleton
Posterior- (crotch to the sky) loaded trunk Flexion to properly engage the rectus abdominis
Movements of the trunk
Flexion- prime mover (rectus abdominis) any crunch exercise)
Extension- (erector spinae) hyperextension)
Rotation- (internal/external obliques) EX: cable trunk rotation
Lateral Flexion- (int/ext obliques, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum.)
Shoulder joint
Glenohumeral joint-
Ball and socket joint that allow for gayest ROM in body.
Combines Flexion with abduction or adduction to provide 360 ROM.
Compromised stability due to ROM.
Pain comes from muscle imbalances or improper lifting.
Rotator cuff
Teres minor Infraspinnatus Supraspinnatus Sub-scapularis Counteracts joint instability
GH Articulation movements
Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Horizontal adduction Horizontal abduction Internal rotation External rotation
Shoulder Flexion prime mover
Deltoid- anterior head
Shoulder extension prime mover
Straight arm- latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major.
Shoulder extension with elbow Flexion- latissimus dorsi
Prime mover- shoulder abduction
Adduction
Medial head of the deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Prime mover in shoulder horizontal adduction
Abduction
Pectoralis major
Posterior head of the deltoid.
Prime mover for internal rotation of shoulder
External
Subscapularis
There’s minor, infraspinnatus
Shoulder girdle
Refers to the connectivity of the scapulae with the glenohumeral joints.
Make up “shoulder complex”
Scapular elevation- upper trapezius Depression- lower trapezius, pectoralis minor Protraction- serratus anterior Retraction- Rhomboid major Upward rotation Downward rotation
Movements of the elbow
Flexion- Biceps Bracii
Extension- triceps braccii
Movements of the wrist
Flexion Extension Supination Pronation Radial deviation Ulnar deviation
Movements of the hip
Flexion- iliopsoas
Extension- gluteus Maximus, upper hamstring
Hyperextension-
Abduct- glute medius, mute minimis, tensor fascia latae
Adduct- bare is longus, brevis Magnus, pectineus.
Internally rotate
Externally rotate- piriformus
Knee movements
Flexion- biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembinosus.
Extension- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
Ankle movements
Plantar flexion- gastrocnemius, soleus
Dorsiflexion- tibialis anterior
Eversion-
Inversion
