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NCSF CPT > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Bone structure: 2 components

A

Mineral: provides rigidity (comprised of calcium salts)
Protein: provides resistance to tension

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2
Q

Where is calcium stored in body?

A

98% stored in mineral component of bone

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3
Q

When extra cellular calcium levels are low…

A

Calcium is recruited from bone storage and mobilized to alternate destinations based on need. A significant decrease in bone mineral density can occur if this process occurs over time. (Osteopenia- progresses into osteoporosis).

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4
Q

Two main segments of skeleton:

A

Axial-

Appendicular-

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5
Q

Types of bones

A

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat

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6
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral column
Rib cage

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7
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs and their girdles

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8
Q

Long bones

A

Arms and legs

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9
Q

Short bones

A

Hands and feet

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10
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

Scapula

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12
Q

Bone length increases until…

A

The cartilage is ossified in the epiphyseal plates of long bones. About 90% of bone mass, mineral density, and length is attained by age 18. Important in children: vitamin D, Calcium, regular participation in physical activity.

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13
Q

Bone mineral density timeline:

A

Can be improved until age 30. Beyond that genetics and daily behaviors dictate the rate of decline

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14
Q

Studies show the application of resistant movements improve bone mineral density.

A

Bone mineral density has direct correlation with the strength of attached musculature

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15
Q

T/F: kids can damage epiphyseal plates via exercise

A

False.
No conclusive supporting studies. Find articles.
Analysis of bone stress during play including running and jumping indicates a greater stress than compared to controlled resistance training at a 10rm.

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16
Q

Joint

A

“Articulation”

Is the intersection of two bones.

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17
Q

Ligaments

A

Support internal organs and hold bones together properly in joints.

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18
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bones.

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19
Q

Joint classifications

A

Fibrous- minimal movement
Cartilaginous- moderate movement
Synovial- considerable movement

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20
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Pulls on tendons to produce movement
Maintain posture
Sustain body positions
Support soft tissues

21
Q

Muscle fascia

A

Separates individual muscles and groups.
Provides shape to the fibers it contains.
Maintain intramuscular tension.

22
Q

Spatial Terminology

A

Anterior- structure in front of a reference point
Posterior- structure behind a reference point
Medial-near center of a structure OR movement towards midline
Lateral- away from OR moving away from midline/ body
Proximal- describes a structure nearest to the point of origin
Distal- furthest most from point of origin

23
Q

Movement terms

A 
Flexion- bending of a joint 
Extension- straightening of a joint
Lateral flexion- 
Abduction
Adduction
Protraction
Retraction
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Pronation
Supination
Inversion 
Eversion
24
Q

Midaxillary line

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior segments

25
Lateral Flexion
Spinal movement to the left or right | Can occur at neck or trunk
26
Protraction Retraction
Movement of a structure towards the anterior surface in a horizontal line Movement back towards the anatomical position
27
Ankle joint movement
Dorsiflexion- toes toward shin. Plantar Flexion- toes away/ ankle extension Eversion- plantar surface rotated laterally Inversion- plantar surface rotated medially
28
Pronation Supination
Palms face posterior (palms down) Palms face up (palms up)
29
Movement planes
Sagittal- body split into side by side halves Frontal- anterior/posterior Transverse- superior and inferior (upper/lower)
30
5 regions of spine
``` Cervical- 7 lordotic (concave) Thoracic- 12 kyphosis (convex) Lumbar-5 lordotic Sacral bone kyphotic Coccygeal bone ```
31
Lordosis Kyphosis
Abnormal concave curvature of the spine that creates a swayback appearance. Abnormal convex curvature of the spine that creates a hunchback appearance.
32
Neutral spine
Posture that maintains the spines 3 natural curves.
33
Pelvic tilts
Anterior- forward (ass up) employed during lofts that load the skeleton Posterior- (crotch to the sky) loaded trunk Flexion to properly engage the rectus abdominis
34
Movements of the trunk
Flexion- prime mover (rectus abdominis) any crunch exercise) Extension- (erector spinae) hyperextension) Rotation- (internal/external obliques) EX: cable trunk rotation Lateral Flexion- (int/ext obliques, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum.)
35
Shoulder joint
Glenohumeral joint- Ball and socket joint that allow for gayest ROM in body. Combines Flexion with abduction or adduction to provide 360 ROM. Compromised stability due to ROM. Pain comes from muscle imbalances or improper lifting.
36
Rotator cuff
``` Teres minor Infraspinnatus Supraspinnatus Sub-scapularis Counteracts joint instability ```
37
GH Articulation movements
``` Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Horizontal adduction Horizontal abduction Internal rotation External rotation ```
38
Shoulder Flexion prime mover
Deltoid- anterior head
39
Shoulder extension prime mover
Straight arm- latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major. Shoulder extension with elbow Flexion- latissimus dorsi
40
Prime mover- shoulder abduction Adduction
Medial head of the deltoid Latissimus dorsi
41
Prime mover in shoulder horizontal adduction Abduction
Pectoralis major Posterior head of the deltoid.
42
Prime mover for internal rotation of shoulder External
Subscapularis There's minor, infraspinnatus
43
Shoulder girdle
Refers to the connectivity of the scapulae with the glenohumeral joints. Make up "shoulder complex" ``` Scapular elevation- upper trapezius Depression- lower trapezius, pectoralis minor Protraction- serratus anterior Retraction- Rhomboid major Upward rotation Downward rotation ```
44
Movements of the elbow
Flexion- Biceps Bracii | Extension- triceps braccii
45
Movements of the wrist
``` Flexion Extension Supination Pronation Radial deviation Ulnar deviation ```
46
Movements of the hip
Flexion- iliopsoas Extension- gluteus Maximus, upper hamstring Hyperextension- Abduct- glute medius, mute minimis, tensor fascia latae Adduct- bare is longus, brevis Magnus, pectineus. Internally rotate Externally rotate- piriformus
47
Knee movements
Flexion- biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembinosus. Extension- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
48
Ankle movements
Plantar flexion- gastrocnemius, soleus Dorsiflexion- tibialis anterior Eversion- Inversion

NCSF CPT (8 decks)

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