Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards
The heart
Works as a dual action pump divided into two distinct sides. It provides oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the body.
Right side- pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Left side- pumps oxygenated blood for systemic circulation.
Each side has 2 chambers: upper atria, lower ventricle.
Each Atari receives blood from a _________
Vein. It’s drives blood into the ventricles. Each ventricle receives blood from the Atria, and pumps it into an artery.
Heart cycle
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atria through large veins (such as the superior vena cava)
The right atria drives this blood to the right ventricle to betray sported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to be reoxygenated.
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
This now oxygenated blood is transported through the pulmonary veins, to the left atria. Where it is then driven to the left ventricle and then out through the aorta for systemic distribution.
Systole- contraction phase
Diastole- relaxation phase
Muscle tissue within the heart
Myocardial
Uses ATP, relies on fat oxidation. Dense fibers and capillary system to maximize aerobic capabilities
Cardiac output
The total volume of blood expelled from the heart per minute. Cardiac output is dictated at any time by stroke volume and heart rate.
HR x SV = CO
Stroke volume
The volume of blood expelled to bodily tissues per contraction of the left ventricle.
Heart rate
Beats per minute
Improvements in aerobic capacity are greatly dependent on improvements in CO, which primarily occur via an increase in SV.
This reduces there heart rate response during all sub-maximal exercise, making most activities feel easier.
Blood pressure
Regulated by the blood to ensure the proper level of oxygenated blood flow is maintained to all bodily tissues. It’s primarily managed by baroreceptors located in the aorta and the carotid arteries.
Baroreceptors
Can detect variances in blood pressure and send messages to the central nervous system that in turn promotes an increase or decrease total peripheral resistance in vascular structures and CHO
When the body needs oxygen for working tissues, blood pressure is adjusted by the CNS to meet demand via promotion of vaso-dilation or vas-constriction.
Areas of the body which require more oxygenated blood experience expansion of their respective vessels.
Areas which require less blood experience a vasoconstriction of their respective vessels.
Blood pressure =
Cardiac output x peripheral resistance (collapsing or pressure from tissue)
Plaque
Fat deposit located on the inside walls of blood vessels.
Peripheral circulatory system
An intricate network of vessels of varying sizes used to transport blood to all working tissues
Circulation process
Heart> arteries > arterioles> capillaries> venules > Veins> heart
Blood pooling
The ability of the venous system to hold blood
Reduces blood flow back to the heart
Reduces cardiac output
Pulse, where to check on clients
Carotid, radial arteries.
Aging and vascular structures
The elastic properties of arteries suffer degenerative changes causing increases in BP> loss of pliability> loss of compliance> hardening of the vessel.
Arteriosclerosis
A chronic condition characterized by thickening and hardening of arteries and the build up of plaque on arterial walls.
Increased risk: Obese Smoker High cholesterol Physical inactivity Hypertension
Atheroschlerosis
Referees to the stage of arteriosclerosis in which arteries become clogged. Results in reduced blood flow to the tissues.
Orthoststic Hypotension
Significant drop in BP due to a rapid change in body position.
Blood
Transportation of nutrients and oxygen to all tissues
Carrying of co2 and waste away from tissues
Transport of hormones and enzymes to target tissues
Assistance in body temp, fluid, electrolyte, and pH regulation
Prevention of excess fluid loss (coagulation: protein binding action)
Major blood constituents:
RBC- transport oxygen and co2 to and from the tissues
WBC- essential for a properly functioning immune system
Platelets- responsible for blood coagulation and for the repair of damaged blood vessels
Plasma- clear fluid portion of blood in which cells are suspended, extracted during dehydration. Origin and released as sweat👆🏻👆🏻👆🏻👆🏻
3 mechanisms for controlling blood flow to working tissues
Individual tissues can regulate blood flow based on metabolic need
Nervous system manipulates blood flow by adjusting mean BP and shouting flow from one part of the body to another
Hormonal communications influence mean BP and chemical release by tissues that affect blood flow characteristic
SNS stimulates CO how?
The SNS stimulates the heart in response to exercise stress to increase HR, SV, and BP, which results in greater CO
At the same time, veins constrict increasing flow of blood back to the heart for gaseous turnover in the lungs
Diastolic
Systolic
Pressure within vascular structures between ventricular contractions
Pressure during each contraction
Exercises that require greater intra-abdominal pressure for spinal stability will cause contracting musculature to compress arteries and increase peripheral resistance
Aka squats, deadlifts, leg press, compound movement, dramatically increase BP.
**hypertensive clients should avoid performing these heavy load, compressive exercises at high intensity
Valsalva manuever is especially dangerous for this demographic. It assists build pressure for maximal effort lifts but is contraindicated for hypertensive clients, due to the associated increase in BP.
Routine cardio lowers. Long term BP at rest and during exercise.
RPP
Rate pressure product. A lower RPP will result in the perceived difficulty of training to be lower due to reduced heart stress.
RPP= systolic BP x HR
During the onset of exercise, body movements stimulate the brain to rapidly increase respiration.
Steady state: ventilation is linear to oxygen uptake
Intense exercise: ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen uptake
Intense: HR andvemtilationrates increase dramatically due to blood lactate accumulation.
