Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

The heart

Answer 1

Works as a dual action pump divided into two distinct sides. It provides oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the body.
Right side- pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Left side- pumps oxygenated blood for systemic circulation.
Each side has 2 chambers: upper atria, lower ventricle.

Question 2

Each Atari receives blood from a _________

Answer 2

Vein. It’s drives blood into the ventricles. Each ventricle receives blood from the Atria, and pumps it into an artery.

Question 3

Heart cycle

Answer 3

Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atria through large veins (such as the superior vena cava)
The right atria drives this blood to the right ventricle to betray sported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to be reoxygenated.

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve

Question 4

This now oxygenated blood is transported through the pulmonary veins, to the left atria. Where it is then driven to the left ventricle and then out through the aorta for systemic distribution.

Answer 4

Systole- contraction phase

Diastole- relaxation phase

Question 5

Muscle tissue within the heart

Answer 5

Myocardial

Uses ATP, relies on fat oxidation. Dense fibers and capillary system to maximize aerobic capabilities

Question 6

Cardiac output

Answer 6

The total volume of blood expelled from the heart per minute. Cardiac output is dictated at any time by stroke volume and heart rate.

HR x SV = CO

Question 7

Stroke volume

Answer 7

The volume of blood expelled to bodily tissues per contraction of the left ventricle.

Question 8

Heart rate

Answer 8

Beats per minute

Question 9

Improvements in aerobic capacity are greatly dependent on improvements in CO, which primarily occur via an increase in SV.

Answer 9

This reduces there heart rate response during all sub-maximal exercise, making most activities feel easier.

Question 10

Blood pressure

Answer 10

Regulated by the blood to ensure the proper level of oxygenated blood flow is maintained to all bodily tissues. It’s primarily managed by baroreceptors located in the aorta and the carotid arteries.

Question 11

Baroreceptors

Answer 11

Can detect variances in blood pressure and send messages to the central nervous system that in turn promotes an increase or decrease total peripheral resistance in vascular structures and CHO

Question 12

When the body needs oxygen for working tissues, blood pressure is adjusted by the CNS to meet demand via promotion of vaso-dilation or vas-constriction.

Answer 12

Areas of the body which require more oxygenated blood experience expansion of their respective vessels.

Areas which require less blood experience a vasoconstriction of their respective vessels.

Question 13

Blood pressure =

Answer 13

Cardiac output x peripheral resistance (collapsing or pressure from tissue)

Question 14

Plaque

Answer 14

Fat deposit located on the inside walls of blood vessels.

Question 15

Peripheral circulatory system

Answer 15

An intricate network of vessels of varying sizes used to transport blood to all working tissues

Question 16

Circulation process

Answer 16

Heart> arteries > arterioles> capillaries> venules > Veins> heart

Question 17

Blood pooling

Answer 17

The ability of the venous system to hold blood
Reduces blood flow back to the heart
Reduces cardiac output

Question 18

Pulse, where to check on clients

Answer 18

Carotid, radial arteries.

Question 19

Aging and vascular structures

Answer 19

The elastic properties of arteries suffer degenerative changes causing increases in BP> loss of pliability> loss of compliance> hardening of the vessel.

Question 20

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 20

A chronic condition characterized by thickening and hardening of arteries and the build up of plaque on arterial walls.

Increased risk: 
Obese
Smoker
High cholesterol
Physical inactivity
Hypertension

Question 21

Atheroschlerosis

Answer 21

Referees to the stage of arteriosclerosis in which arteries become clogged. Results in reduced blood flow to the tissues.

Question 22

Orthoststic Hypotension

Answer 22

Significant drop in BP due to a rapid change in body position.

Question 23

Blood

Answer 23

Transportation of nutrients and oxygen to all tissues
Carrying of co2 and waste away from tissues
Transport of hormones and enzymes to target tissues
Assistance in body temp, fluid, electrolyte, and pH regulation
Prevention of excess fluid loss (coagulation: protein binding action)

Question 24

Major blood constituents:

Answer 24

RBC- transport oxygen and co2 to and from the tissues
WBC- essential for a properly functioning immune system
Platelets- responsible for blood coagulation and for the repair of damaged blood vessels
Plasma- clear fluid portion of blood in which cells are suspended, extracted during dehydration. Origin and released as sweat👆🏻👆🏻👆🏻👆🏻

Question 25

3 mechanisms for controlling blood flow to working tissues

Answer 25

Individual tissues can regulate blood flow based on metabolic need
Nervous system manipulates blood flow by adjusting mean BP and shouting flow from one part of the body to another
Hormonal communications influence mean BP and chemical release by tissues that affect blood flow characteristic

Question 26

SNS stimulates CO how?

Answer 26

The SNS stimulates the heart in response to exercise stress to increase HR, SV, and BP, which results in greater CO

At the same time, veins constrict increasing flow of blood back to the heart for gaseous turnover in the lungs

Question 27

Diastolic

Systolic

Answer 27

Pressure within vascular structures between ventricular contractions

Pressure during each contraction

Question 28

Exercises that require greater intra-abdominal pressure for spinal stability will cause contracting musculature to compress arteries and increase peripheral resistance

Answer 28

Aka squats, deadlifts, leg press, compound movement, dramatically increase BP.

**hypertensive clients should avoid performing these heavy load, compressive exercises at high intensity
Valsalva manuever is especially dangerous for this demographic. It assists build pressure for maximal effort lifts but is contraindicated for hypertensive clients, due to the associated increase in BP.

Routine cardio lowers. Long term BP at rest and during exercise.

Question 29

RPP

Answer 29

Rate pressure product. A lower RPP will result in the perceived difficulty of training to be lower due to reduced heart stress.

RPP= systolic BP x HR

Question 30

During the onset of exercise, body movements stimulate the brain to rapidly increase respiration.

Answer 30

Steady state: ventilation is linear to oxygen uptake

Intense exercise: ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen uptake

Intense: HR andvemtilationrates increase dramatically due to blood lactate accumulation.