Full Length Exam Weaknesses (BIO)

Question 1

If DNA is methylated the genes are turned (on/off) because…

Answer 1

off, the methyl groups encompass their tails around the DNA, which then restricts access

Question 2

If DNA is de-methylated, the genes are turned (off/on) because..

Answer 2

tails are loosened, allowing transcription factors access to the DNA

Question 3

This process is a post-translational modification that attaches a negative charge to a serine, threonine, or tyrosine via a ____ group

Answer 3

phosphorylation, phosphate group

Question 4

Phosphate groups are attached by a (type of enzyme)

Answer 4

kinase

Question 5

This process __________, is a post-translational modification where the addition of a ____ group reduces the (+) charge on a histone, which then reduces its interaction with a (-) charged phosphate group, making the DNA less tightly wound and more accessible to gene transcription

Answer 5

acetylation, acetyl group

Question 6

If the DAM methylation sequence is blocked, what will NOT occur?

Answer 6

methylation, meaning transposition is more likely to occur (jumping genes)

Question 7

Hemi-Methylated DNA

Answer 7

This allows the cell to distinguish between the old strand (methylated) and the new strand (unmethylated)

Question 8

A - T base pairs have ____ hydrogen bonds between them, which means (MORE/LESS) energy is required to separate these bonds than C-G base pairs

Answer 8

2, less energy (C-G bonds have 3 Hydrogen bonds)

Question 9

During PCR, denaturing (1st step) occurs at what temperature?

Answer 9

approx 95 celcius

Question 10

During PCR, annealing (2nd step) occurs at what temperature?

Answer 10

approx 50-55 celcius

Question 11

During PCR, extending (last step) occurs at what temperature?

Answer 11

approx 72 celcius

Question 12

The signals from healthy neurons dissipate (slower/faster) than signals from neurons affected with multiple sclerosis

Answer 12

healthy neuron signals dissipate more SLOWLY

Question 13

This enzyme removes a phosphate group from a substrate, and uses what molecule to do so?

Answer 13

Phosphatase, a water molecule

Question 14

A POSITIVE, INDUCIBLE system, is one in which

Answer 14

the system is ALWAYS off until turned on- and since it is positive, the regulatory protein binds the activator (ex: lac operon)

Question 15

A NEGATIVE, INDUCIBLE system, is one in which

Answer 15

the system is ALWAYS off until turned on- and since it is negative, the regulatory protein binds a repressor, until the inducer inactivates this repressor (ex: trp operon)

Question 16

A Repressible system is always (ON/OFF) until turned ___

Answer 16

always ON, until turned off

Question 17

How do proteases break peptide bonds?

Answer 17

By hydrolysis

Question 18

Hemoglobin exhibits _____ binding of oxygen, meaning that the binding of oxygen to one of the subgroups impacts binding to the other subgroups

Answer 18

allosteric binding

Question 19

Each round of beta-oxidation removes ___ carbons from a chain

Answer 19

2

Question 20

Hydrogen bonds are what type of interaction?

Answer 20

Dipole-dipole

Question 21

This type of passive transport involves a channel

Answer 21

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 22

This lab technique involves separating proteins based on their isoelectric point by running a current through a gel that contains a pH gradient

Answer 22

isoelectric focusing

Question 23

T or F; all bacteria have cell walls

Answer 23

False, most do, and some don’t

Question 24

T or F; Viruses can self replicate

Answer 24

False, viruses need a host cell (but, bacteria can self-replicate)

Question 25

In exocytosis, a (small/large) number of molecules can be expelled at once

Answer 25

large

Question 26

During the elongation stage of translation, this molecule is used to provide energy for the binding of a new tRNA to an A site

Answer 26

GTP

Question 27

The ____ process of translation occurs when the tRNA progresses to the next codon, which is provided with energy by ___

Answer 27

translocation, GTP

Question 28

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 28

Phrenic nerve

Question 29

A reading frame shift is caused by

Answer 29

a single base pair substitution

Question 30

A substitution of one amino acid for another is caused by what type of mutation?

Answer 30

A missense mutation

Question 31

When an amino acid sequence is substituted with a stop codon, this is caused by what type of mutation?

Answer 31

A nonsense mutation

Question 32

What is the equation for ΔG

Answer 32

ΔG = ΔH–TΔS

Question 33

This type of translocation is the most common, and is when the entire long arms of nonhomologous chromosomes become fused together

Answer 33

A Robertsonian translocation

Question 34

Transcription factors are located in the

Answer 34

nucleus (where transcription occurs)

Question 35

A strong Lewis Acid is electron ____

Answer 35

poor

Question 36

A strong Lewis Base is electron _____

Answer 36

rich

Question 37

These (3) Amino Acids are basic (at a neutral pH)

Answer 37

histidine, arginine, lysine

Question 38

These (2) amino acids are acidic (at a neutral pH)

Answer 38

aspartate, glutamate

Question 39

oxidation potential (also known as ionization energy) is related to how easily an atom will (lose/gain) an electron

Answer 39

lose an electron

Question 40

What is ionization energys pattern across the periodic table?

Answer 40

It increases across a row on the periodic table, and decreases down a column

Question 41

What channel repolarizes the cell after depolarization

Answer 41

The voltage gated potassium channel

Question 42

Which channel is responsible for depolarization of the cell?

Answer 42

The voltage gated Sodium channel

Question 43

These channels maintain the resting membrane potential

Answer 43

The sodium-potassium ATPase, and potassium leak channel

Question 44

competitive inhibitors (DO/ DO NOT) alter an enzyme’s vmax and they (INCREASE/ DECREASE) kM

Answer 44

do not alter vMax, increase kM