Full Length Exam Weaknesses (BIO) Flashcards
If DNA is methylated the genes are turned (on/off) because…
off, the methyl groups encompass their tails around the DNA, which then restricts access
If DNA is de-methylated, the genes are turned (off/on) because..
tails are loosened, allowing transcription factors access to the DNA
This process is a post-translational modification that attaches a negative charge to a serine, threonine, or tyrosine via a ____ group
phosphorylation, phosphate group
Phosphate groups are attached by a (type of enzyme)
kinase
This process __________, is a post-translational modification where the addition of a ____ group reduces the (+) charge on a histone, which then reduces its interaction with a (-) charged phosphate group, making the DNA less tightly wound and more accessible to gene transcription
acetylation, acetyl group
If the DAM methylation sequence is blocked, what will NOT occur?
methylation, meaning transposition is more likely to occur (jumping genes)
Hemi-Methylated DNA
This allows the cell to distinguish between the old strand (methylated) and the new strand (unmethylated)
A - T base pairs have ____ hydrogen bonds between them, which means (MORE/LESS) energy is required to separate these bonds than C-G base pairs
2, less energy (C-G bonds have 3 Hydrogen bonds)
During PCR, denaturing (1st step) occurs at what temperature?
approx 95 celcius
During PCR, annealing (2nd step) occurs at what temperature?
approx 50-55 celcius
During PCR, extending (last step) occurs at what temperature?
approx 72 celcius
The signals from healthy neurons dissipate (slower/faster) than signals from neurons affected with multiple sclerosis
healthy neuron signals dissipate more SLOWLY
This enzyme removes a phosphate group from a substrate, and uses what molecule to do so?
Phosphatase, a water molecule
A POSITIVE, INDUCIBLE system, is one in which
the system is ALWAYS off until turned on- and since it is positive, the regulatory protein binds the activator (ex: lac operon)
A NEGATIVE, INDUCIBLE system, is one in which
the system is ALWAYS off until turned on- and since it is negative, the regulatory protein binds a repressor, until the inducer inactivates this repressor (ex: trp operon)
A Repressible system is always (ON/OFF) until turned ___
always ON, until turned off
How do proteases break peptide bonds?
By hydrolysis
Hemoglobin exhibits _____ binding of oxygen, meaning that the binding of oxygen to one of the subgroups impacts binding to the other subgroups
allosteric binding
Each round of beta-oxidation removes ___ carbons from a chain
2
Hydrogen bonds are what type of interaction?
Dipole-dipole
This type of passive transport involves a channel
Facilitated Diffusion
This lab technique involves separating proteins based on their isoelectric point by running a current through a gel that contains a pH gradient
isoelectric focusing
T or F; all bacteria have cell walls
False, most do, and some don’t
T or F; Viruses can self replicate
False, viruses need a host cell (but, bacteria can self-replicate)
In exocytosis, a (small/large) number of molecules can be expelled at once
large
During the elongation stage of translation, this molecule is used to provide energy for the binding of a new tRNA to an A site
GTP
The ____ process of translation occurs when the tRNA progresses to the next codon, which is provided with energy by ___
translocation, GTP
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
A reading frame shift is caused by
a single base pair substitution
A substitution of one amino acid for another is caused by what type of mutation?
A missense mutation
When an amino acid sequence is substituted with a stop codon, this is caused by what type of mutation?
A nonsense mutation
What is the equation for ΔG
ΔG = ΔH–TΔS
This type of translocation is the most common, and is when the entire long arms of nonhomologous chromosomes become fused together
A Robertsonian translocation
Transcription factors are located in the
nucleus (where transcription occurs)
A strong Lewis Acid is electron ____
poor
A strong Lewis Base is electron _____
rich
These (3) Amino Acids are basic (at a neutral pH)
histidine, arginine, lysine
These (2) amino acids are acidic (at a neutral pH)
aspartate, glutamate
oxidation potential (also known as ionization energy) is related to how easily an atom will (lose/gain) an electron
lose an electron
What is ionization energys pattern across the periodic table?
It increases across a row on the periodic table, and decreases down a column
What channel repolarizes the cell after depolarization
The voltage gated potassium channel
Which channel is responsible for depolarization of the cell?
The voltage gated Sodium channel
These channels maintain the resting membrane potential
The sodium-potassium ATPase, and potassium leak channel
competitive inhibitors (DO/ DO NOT) alter an enzyme’s vmax and they (INCREASE/ DECREASE) kM
do not alter vMax, increase kM
