Behavioral Sciences Flashcards
Which researcher was known for ablations, to study brains in the absence of its entirety?
Pierre Flourens
Sir Charles Sherrington introduced the existence of ____
synapses
Paul BRoca studied _____ deficits in people with BRain damage
Behavioral
Hermann von Helmholtz was the first person to measure the speed of a ______ _________
nerve impulse
Functionalism, the study of how mental processes help people adapt, was formed by which two researchers?
William James and John Dewey
Franz Gall is known for the idea that
if a particular trait is well developed, that part of the brain is larger
Constricted pupils and salivation are association with which branch of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic
Which branch of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for transmitting information through skin and muscles?
Somatic
T or F: The Autonomic Nervous System regulates temperature control
True. The ANS is responsible for ‘automatic’ functions
Sensory neurons transmit sensory info from receptors to the brain, and are also called _______ ___________
Afferent Neurons
Motor neurons transmit motor info to the brain and are also called _______ _______
Efferent Neurons
The spinal cord is part of the _______ nervous system
Central
Which part of the brain (hind, mid, or fore) is responsible for controlling balance and general arousal process (sleeping/waking)
Hindbrain
Which part of the brain (hind, mid, or fore) is responsible for receives sensory and motor information from the body?
Midbrain (think Motor/Mid)
Which part of the brain (hind, mid, or fore) is responsible for complex perceptual and cognitive processes?
Forebrain
What are the Four (F) Functions of the Hypothalamus?
-Feeding
-Fighting
-Flighting
-sexual Functioning
When the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) is removed…
one Lacks Hunger (LH)
When the VentroMedial Hypothalamus (VMH) is removed…
one is Very Much Hungry (VMH)
Frontal lobe is known for ______ function
executive
The parietal lobe is known for
touch, temperature, pain (think: pain/parietal)
The occipital lobe is known for
vision (occ/eyes)
Temporal lobe is known for
Hearing (ears are by temples)
Left brain is known for
analyzing, logic, language
Right brain is known for
creativity, music, etc
Catecholamines (epi, norepi, dopa) all play an important role in the experience of _______
Emotions
This portion of the pituitary gland is what releases hormones
Anterior
The Hypothalamus maintains
Homeostasis (H/H)
These receptors respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum
photoreceptors
These receptors respond to pressure or movement
mechanoreceptors
These receptors respond to painful of noxious stimuli (somatosensation)
nocioceptors
_____ is the minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception
threshold
This theory studies how psychological and environmental factors influence thresholds of sensation and perception
signal detection theory
(cones or rods) are for color vision
cones
(cones or rods) function best in reduced light
rods (RODuced light)
The white, visible portion of the eye is known as the
sclera
The ear is responsible for our ______ sense, our ability to sense rotational and linear acceleration and inform our sense of balance
vestibular sense
The cartilaginous outer part of the ear is known as
the pinna
Kinesthetic sense, also called ________ , refers to our ability to tell where ones body is in space
proprioception
_________ processing is essentially when the brain takes the individual sensory stimuli and combines them together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is?
bottom- up
__________ processing allows us to quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze their specific parts
top-down
Gestalt principles ….
allow the brain to make a complete picture out of incomplete information
Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response, known as ________
habituation
a stimulus to weak to elicit a response is called a _________ stimulus
subthreshold
This type of learning is the creation of an association
Associative learning
The two types of associative learning are
classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
The process of using a unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus is called _______
acquisition
________ refers to the loss of a conditioned response (i.e with Pavlov’s dogs, the bell rings and they don’t get meat, they will stop salivating)
extinction
______ conditioning examines the way in which consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those behaviors
operant conditioning
______ _______ increases the frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence following the desired behavior
positive reinforcement
_______ _________increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something unpleasant
negative reinforcement
____ ______ adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior that reduces that behavior
positive punishment (think getting a ticket for parking illegally)
_____ _________ removes a stimulus in order to cause the reduction of a behavior
negative punishment (no tv because a child was being bad)
if you are encouraging behavior in any way (with a stimulus or with the removal of one) this is______
reinforcement behavior
What reinforcement schedule works best for learning a new behavior & (is very resistant to extinction)
variable- ratio schedule (VI)
This mnemonic technique involves associating each item in a list with a location in a place
method of loci
This type of memory consists of our skills, habits, and conditioned responses
implicit memory
This type of memory refers to memories that require conscious recall
explicit memory
This brain disorder is degenerative thought to be linked to loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus
alzheimers
This is a term that references an increase in dysfunction in the later afternoon and evening
sundowning (in alzheimers patients)
______- syndrome is a form of memory loss caused by a deficiency in thiamine
Korsakoff’s
Piaget’s First Stage of Development
Sensorimotor
This stage of Piaget’s states that include primary circular reactions (continuous actions), and secondary circular reactions (repeated movements/actions)
Sensorimotor
Object Permanence is part of what stage of Piaget’s
Sensorimotor (peek-a-boo)
This stage of Piaget’s lasts from age 2-7 and is characterized by symbolic thinking, and egocentrism
Preoperational Stage
Symbolic thinking, in the preoperational stage, refers to
the ability to play make-believe/have an imagination
At this stage, kids cannot grasp the idea of conservation (tall vase, wide vase, same amount of water problem)
Pre-operational
______ is the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, and ignore other elements
Centration (present in preopeational years)
This stage of development is when children understand conservation, and can think more about others
Concrete Operational (7-11)
At this stage of development, children cannot yet think abstractly
Concrete Operational
This stage of development includes abstract thinking and problem solving
Formal Operational (11+)
______ bias is the tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them
confirmation bias
______ bias is the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to predict the outcome that already happened
hindsight bias
this idea is refers to the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence of the contrary
belief perseverance
These brain waves occur when a person is alert and concentrating
Beta
These brain waves occur when we are awake but relaxed with eyes closed
Alpha
Stage 1 of sleep (known as NREM1) is associated with which brain waves
Theta
In stage 3 of sleep (NREM3), or slow-wave sleep, these waves are seen
Delta
What is a classic example of epigenetics?
Methylation (the addition of a methyl group)– inhibits activation of a gene
What portion of the brain links the nervous system to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
The Estrogen secreted from the ovaries before ovulation is enough to stimulate the release of what two other hormones?
GnRH which then stimulates LH to be released ( an ex. of positive feedback)
Progesterone is triggered when it senses that ____ levels are too high
LH
Once progesterone is secreted due to high levels of LH, it works to inhibit further production of
GnRH and thus, LH
The base of Maslow’s hierarchy is ________ needs
Physiological
After physiological needs are met, according to Maslow, we need ______
Safety
This stage of Maslow’s hierarchy is thought of as the ‘social needs’ level, and is above physiological and safety
Love
This is the second to the top of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Esteem
Reaching your maximum potential would be associated with which level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
The Incentive Theory focuses on _____________ ________
Positive Reinforcement
Attitude can be broken down into 3 pieces
Affective (emotion), Behavioral (actions), Cognitive (belief) — The ABC Model of Attitude
The idea that we consider the implications of our actions before we decide how to behave is best known as the …
Theory of Planned Behavior
The Attitude to Behavior theory states that
An event triggers an attitude (an influence on perception), which will then lead to a behavior
Behavior is a function of our past behavior, our attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, willingness, and models– This is best demonstrated by the ____
The Prototype Willingness Model
The tendency to agree to small actions, and over time to agree to larger actions
Foot in the Door phenomenon
How do we deal with cognitive dissonance?
1- Alter via modification, 2- Trivialize the issues, 3- Adding another cognition, 4- Denying cognitions altogether
The _______ Theory states that our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence our behaviors
Psychoanalytic
_____ is part of our conscious and unconscious mind
The ego
_____ develops around the age of 4, and is our moral compass
superego
If there is a problem with gratification at a particular psychosexual stage, this can cause _____
fixation
The Humanistic Theory focuses on the ________, and that humans are ultimately ______
conscious, good
Rogers states that ________ is nurtured in a “growth-promoting climate”
self-actualization
Growth is nurtured through being ____ and receive ______
genuine, acceptance
Biologic Theory states that our personalities are mostly _____, but are also influenced by ______
inherited, environment
________ ____________ is the degree to which someone assumes mastery and leadership roles in a social situation
Social Potency
This theory states that personality is a result of an interaction between and individual and their environment
Behavioral Theory
This psychologist of behavioral theory is known for coining the term” operant conditioning”- uses rewards/punishments to increase/decrease behavior
Skinner
The Father of Behaviorism
Pavlov
Classical conditioning was coined by _____
Pavlov
To place a neutral stimuli with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger an involuntary response is a description of ____ _____
Classical Conditioning
This Theory is a bridge between behavioral theory and other thinking/mental based theories
Cognitive Theory
This theory identifies personality by patterns of behavior through description
Trait Theory
Cattell theorizes that we each have a subset of traits from a large list of what is possible ( T or F)
False, Allport stated this. Cattell theorizes that we all have all traits, and can be categorized into 16 groupings
_____ traits influence our behavior
Cardinal
This theorist states that we all have 3 major dimensions of personality that encompass all traits, and we express them to different degrees
Eysenck
The three dimensions that Eysenck divides personality into are:
-Extraversion
-Neuroticism
-Psychoticism
The Big 5 Personality traits are:
-Openness
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
(use acronym O.C.E.A.N)
The ___ ______ by Albert Bandura shows that children imitate/mimic what they see
Bobo Doll Experiment
____ _____ ____ is the idea that you can learn a behavior but that doesn’t mean that you will perform that behavior
Learning- Performance Distinction
What are the four components of Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory?
A ttention
M emory
I mitation
M otivation
(AM I Motivated?)
This type of defense mechanism is one that distorts reality so that a person can deal with the situation
Pathological Defense Mecanism
This type of defense mechanism is one where a person pretends that a situation is actually not occuring
Denial defense mechanism
Projection is an example of a _____ defense mechanism, which is shifting ones own feelings to someone else
immature
If someone has someone elses feelings being projected onto them, and they begin to act in that manner, this is known as
Projective Identification
____ is thedefense mechanism/ idea of convincing ourselves that we are at no fault
rationalization
This defense mechanism is one in which a capable person begins to act like they were at a younger stage of life
Regression
Channeling negative energy into positive energy is a mature defense mechanism known as
sublimation
The pleasure principle is a (immature/mature) way of getting gratification
Immature (“I want it now”) vs,. the Reality Principle (“ I have to wait for this”)
The life drive can be known as _____ and the death drive can be known as _____
Eros, Thanatos
Patterns of abnormal functions are known as
syndromes
“Basic” functions of the nervous system could be grouped into these three categories
- motor
- sensory
- automatic
In a caste system, there is a high amount of social mobility (T or F)
False, they don’t often have any mobility, but they do have social stability
In a meritocracy, there (IS/ IS NOT) a lot of social stability
IS NOT (moving up and down constantly, so alot of social mobility, but not stability)
The idea that we are reproducing the social inequality across generations is known as
social reproduction
The ______ phenomenon essentially says that good things happen to good people and that bad things happen to bad people
the just world phenomenon
Sensory information about pressure is known as
mechanoception
Sensory information about bodies location in space is known as
proprioception
This sort of processing is data driven, and a stimulus influences the perception
Bottom-Up processing
This sort of processing uses past experiences to influence perception
Top-Down processing
Reality is often organized or reduced to simplest form possible is which Gestalt principle
The law of Pragranz
Lines are seen as following the smoothest path, is which Gestalt principle?
The Law of Continuity
The Cornea is protected by the
Conjuctiva
What features in the eye bend the light?
Cornea, lens
What part of the eye is colored?
The Iris
When light hits a rod, what occurs? and what is this known as?
The rod turns off, which then turns on a bipolar cell.. which then turns on a retinal ganglion cell which then goes to the optic nerve and then brain. This is known as the phototransduction cascade.
Cones are able to adapt (fast/slow) to changes in light
Cones adapt FAST to an increase in light, whereas Rods take much longer to adapt
At the Fovea, you have light directly hitting the cones, and not going through axons (T or F)
True
What is the point at which the optic nerves converge?
The Optic Chiasm
The light that hits the (temporal/nasal) side does not cross in the optic chiasm
temporal
The (parvo/magno) pathway looks more blurry and you are still able to make out the image while in motion
Magno pathway
The ______ pathway is a big part of the reward circuit in the brain
mesolimbic
Intoxication is referring to the behavioral and _____ effects on a person
psychological
With Caffeine you (CAN/CANNOT) develop a substance use disorder
Cannot (it doesnt activate the brains reward circuit)
____ attention is illuminating one particular aspect, and ignoring the other aspects
selective
_____- blindness is when you miss something right in front of you
inattentional
____-blindness is when you fail to notice a different from a previous state to a current state
change
_______ is when exposure to one stimulus influences a response to another stimulus
priming
The _________________ is when you hear your name from a conversation far away and become tuned to it, even though you were previously not listening to the conversation
cocktail party effect
long term memory capacity has a limit to how much information it can store (T or F)
False, it is unlimited
_______ is the a encoding technique that groups new information into meaningful units
Chunking
Emotional memories that are vivid and surprising/shocking can be thought of as
flashbulb memories
synaptic ______ is the ability of synapses to change their strength
plasticity
a stronger synapse and increase in strength is called
long term potentiation (the way that learning occurs)
Korsakoff’s Syndrome is related to a lack of ____ in the brain
B1 (thiamine)
The precursor to Korsakoff’s Syndrome is
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Assimilation is..
putting information into the schema you already have…. Think: same schema (aSSimilation)
Accomodation is …
putting information into an old schema or creating a new one (think… aCComodation, change or create)
A ______ in a mental shortcut that allows us to find a solution more quickly to a problem
Heuristic
_________ intelligence is our ability to reason quickly and abstractly
Fluid
If Broca’s area is damaged you get..
Broca’s aphasia, think broken speech
If Wernicke’s area is damaged, you get…
Wernicke’s aphasia, words come out, but not in an order of sense
Vygotsky thought that language and thought were _______ but that they converged through development
independent
The _____ perspective of language development is that children are born with the ability to learn language. _____ is the founder of this idea
nativist, noam chomsky
This theory states that children are not born with language skills, but rather they develop it only through reinforcement
The Learning theory
This theory states that language development is based off the interaction between biological and social factors. Who is associated with this school of thought?
Interactionist Theory, Vygotsky
This stage of Erickson’s stages is from 18months to 3 years
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
What years of life encompass Erickson’s third stage of Initiative vs. Guilt
3yrs to 6yrs of age
This stage of Erickson’s is from infancy until 18months
Trust vs. Mistrust
This stage of Erickson’s is from ages 6yrs to 12yrs
Industry vs. Inferiority (4th stage)
This stage of Erickson’s is #5, Identity vs. Role Confusion, and this happens at what ages of life?
12yrs to 18yrs
Stage 6 of Ericksons occurs at 18yrs- 35yrs, and is what name?>
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erickson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation is what ages of life
35yrs to 60 yrs
What is Erickson’s last stage of development
Integrity vs. Despair (60yrs+)
The idea that all memories fade over time is known as
trace decay theory
Difficulties in trusting and depending on others is one of the primary characteristics of an ______ attachment style
avoidant
____ ____ is the our ability to sense perception, and its change over time.
webers law
A/an _________ variable represents the phenomenon that a research study seeks to explain.
dependent
A/an ________ variable explains the variance in the phenomenon observed in a study.
indpendent
_________ _____ theory focuses on how an individual might learn behaviors, that are considered as deviant in larger society, from their close social environment
Differential Association Theory
This is a type of long term memory that involves the capacity to recall words, concepts, numbers (typically associated with facts and knowledge)
semantic memory
Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedules means that reinforcement occurs after___
a fixed number of behavioral responses
Variable ratio reinforcement schedules means that reinforcement occurs after
a variable number of behavioral respones
Fixed interval reinforcement schedules means that reinforcement occurs after
a fixed amount of time has elapsed
Variable interval reinforcement schedules mean that reinforcement occurs after
a variable amount of time has passed
Which reinforcement schedule is most prone to extinction?
Fixed interval
Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction? (and produces the highest response rate)
Variable ratio
When Freud refers to Id, he is referring to
the part of us related to instinct (repulsion, impulse, pleasure)
When Freud refers to superego, he is referring to
the judgemental, and morally correct aspect of personality
When Freud refers to ego, he is referring to
our concious personality, that mediates between our id and our superego and makes decisions
Freud coined this theory, and it encompasses id, superego, and ego
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic theory
Esterification is the reaction in which a _____ and an acid produce an ester and water
an alcohol
The James-Lange Theory of emotion is:
stimulus–> physical reaction–>emotion (think, it takes a long (lange) time to get to the emotional response, have to wait for the physical)
The ___________theory of emotion that is stimulus –> cognitive appraisal–>physical reaction & emotion
Lazarus Theory of emotion
The __________ theory of emotion is one that is stimulus –> physical reaction & emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion (think: cannon goes boom; everything happens at once)
The Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion is :
(think t”wo factor Schacter”)
stimulus –> physical reaction –> cognitive appraisal –> emotion
The idea of : seeing a snake–> and feeling fear and heart rate increase occur at the same time
This demonstrates the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
The idea of: seeing a bear –> HR increases–> feeling fear
This demonstrates the James-Lange Theory of emotion
This area of the brain is involve in forming and retrieving memories
Hippocampus
The Malthusian Theory argues what about population growth?
That population growth will eventually outstrip all resources, leading to poverty and famine
If researchers pose as patients in a study, this would be an example of a…
embedded field study
a ___ variable is one that explains the relationship between two other variables
a mediating variable
a _______ variable is one that modulates the intensity of a certain relationship
a moderating variable
Endorphins are produced where in our body?
Anterior Pituitary
in regard to drug withdrawal, what is a typical pupillary response?
pupillary dilation
This person is known for a study he published on the genetics of personality
Hans Eysenck
_______ bias refers to the way in which participants drop out of a long term study over time
attrition
This type of stress can be defined as neutral, and it has not impact on your body, whether good or bad
neustress
An informal norm that governs society can best be thought of as a
folkway
The Kinsey Scale ( a measure of sexual behavior) goes from 0-6, what do 0,3, and 6 represent
0: exclusively heterosexual
3: Bisexual
6: exclusively homosexual
When asking someone to recall information word for word in real time while other stimuli are going–this is an example of
shadowing
language processsing occurs in the ____ hemisphere
left
The phenomena that suggests we best remember the first and last items in a list (and not so much the middle) is known as
the serial position effect
glycolysis produces how many moleucles of ATP per one glucose ?
2
This derivation of lymphocyte can recognize and kill cancer cells
natural killer cells
______- is the intensity a stimulus must have in order to be accurately deteceted at least 50% of the time
absolute threshold
_____- is the intensity a stimulus must have in order to be sensed by the body
threshold
____ states that the threshold for detecting a change in stimulus is a constant ratio
Weber’s Law
What are Lawrence Kohlbergs therories of moral development?
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Level 3: Postconventional Morality
This level of Kohlbergs theory of morality is devoted to avoiding punishment/ in ones own self interest
Level 1: Preconventional morality
This level of Kohlbergs theory of morality is devoted to adhering to social norms/social approval
Level 2: Conventional Morality
This level of Kohlbergs theory of morality is beahvior that is driven by a balance of social order and/or an internal moral compass
Level 3: Postconventional morality
cholesterol is the precursor to what in the digestive tract?
bile salts
The exocrine pancreas releases its contents into the ___
digestive tract
The endocrine pancreas release is contents into the ______
bloodstream
What part of the digestive tract is where initial protein digsetion occurs
the mouth and stomach
What part of the digestive tract is where most of the nutrient digestion and absorption occur?
small intestine
This part of the digestive tract is thought to be a reservoir for healthy gut bacteria
appendix
