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Metabolism > Fuel Molecules > Flashcards

Fuel Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during Oxidation?

A

Electrons are lost

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2
Q

What happens during reduction?

A

Electrons are gained

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3
Q

What form is NAD+?

A

Oxidised.

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4
Q

What form in NADH?

A

Reduced.

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5
Q

How many steps in Glycolysis?

A

10 Steps.

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6
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Purpose of Glycolysis?

A

Provides starting materials for cellular respiration and fermentation.

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8
Q

Change in C atoms in molecules during Glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C) to Pyruvate (3C)

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9
Q

Features of preparatory phase?

A
  • Steps 1-5
  • Endergonic (+G)
  • 2 ATP hydrolysed to ADP
  • Step 4 is when we go from 6C to 3C.
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10
Q

Features of pay-off phase?

A
  • Steps 6-10
  • For each 3C molecule, 2ATP are produced
  • Exergonic, (-G)
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11
Q

What happens to pyruvate?

A

Diffuses into the mitochondria.

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12
Q

What steps of Glycolysis is ATP invested?

A

Steps 1 and 3.

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13
Q

What steps of Glycolysis is ATP produced?

A

Steps 7 and 10.

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14
Q

What happens to NAD+ in glycolysis?

A

2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH in step 6.

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15
Q

What happens to pyruvate produced?

A

-Each pyruvate molecule produces 1 Acetyl Co-A, 1 CO2, 1 NADH.

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16
Q

What enzyme is required to convert pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase.

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17
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration?

A

-Pyruvate is reduced to form Lactate.

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18
Q

What happens to NAD/NADH during anaerobic respiration?

A

NADH is oxidised to form NAD+

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19
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm.

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20
Q

What happens to TAG?

A

Becomes Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

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21
Q

What is energy yield for Fatty Acids from TAG?

A

95%

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22
Q

Energy yield for Glyercol from TAG?

A

5%

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23
Q

Which tissues can use Ketone Bodies?

A

Heart, Brain, Skeletal

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24
Q

How are Ketone Bodies used for energy?

A

Oxidised via the CAC and the ETC.

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25
Q

Where does CAC occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria.

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26
Q

How many steps are in the CAC?

A

8 steps.

27
Q

When is NAD+ reduced to NADH?

A

Steps 3, 4, 8.

28
Q
  1. What happens in steps 3, 4, 8?
A

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

29
Q

When are CO2 produced?

A

In steps 3 and 4.

30
Q
  1. What happens in Step 3 and 4?
A

2 CO2 is produced.

31
Q

When is GTP produced?

A

Step 5.

32
Q
  1. What happens in Step 5.
A

GTP is produced.

33
Q

When is FAD is reduced to FADH2?

A

Step 6.

34
Q

Net products of CAC from 1 Acetyl CoA?

A

3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2

35
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

At the cristae (inner membrane) of mitochindria

36
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the ETC?

A

They are oxidised and release their electrons.

37
Q

What do the protein complexes do?

A

Actively transport the H+ ions out of the matrix.

38
Q

Where is Cytochrome C oxidase?

A

In complex IV,

39
Q

What inhibits Cytochrome C complex from working?

A

Cyanide.

40
Q

What are the 2 parts of the final step of Respiration?

A

ETC, and Chemiosmosis

41
Q

What is the first step of Chemiosmosis?

A

The transmembrane protein ATP-Synthase is opened

42
Q

What is the second step of chemiosmosis?

A

The H+ ions diffuse across the membrane via the ATP Synthase pump due to the concentration gradient of H+ ions.

43
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

The electrical energy from the moving charged particles (H+) is used by ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP.

44
Q

Why is O2 needed in respiration?

A

The O2 combines with the H+ ions and the electrons to produce Water

45
Q

How many ATP are produced for one glucose?

A

30-32 ATP.

46
Q

What is Thermogenin?

A

Another way for H+ to re-enter through the cristae.

47
Q

What happens during Thermogenin?

A

H+ ions diffuse, releasing heat energy instead of ATP and keeps babies warm.

48
Q

What is the total output after anaerobic respiration?

A
  • 1 Glucose molecule produces 1 NAD+.

- 2 ATP produced in total, from Glycolysis.

49
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

Lactate is converted back to Glucose.

50
Q

What is the process in which pyruvate is oxidised to Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate Oxidation.

51
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

When some of the energy released by the electrons flow is used to synthesise ATP.

52
Q

What is a term used to refer to the H+ concentration gradient formed?

A

Proton-motive force.

53
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Breakdown of large macromolecules in monomers (smaller components)

54
Q

Mobilisation?

A

Moving stored molecules and using it as energy.

55
Q

What happens to the Glycogen during mobilisation?

A

It is converted into glucose-6-phosphate

56
Q

What happens to G-6-P in the liver?

A

The G-6-P is converted into glucose and transported to the rest of the body.

57
Q

What happens to the G-6-P in the skeletal muscles?

A

The G-6-P is metabolised to produce energy.

58
Q

Mobilisation of stored Lipids?

A
  1. Hormones trigger mobilisation of TAG from adipose tissue.

2. TAG’s are broken down into glyercol and fatty acids.

59
Q

How are the TAG’s broken down?

A

Adrenaline and Glucagon stimulate Hormone sensitive Lipase to cleave the fatty acids off the glycerol.

60
Q

What happens to the Fatty Acids after Lipid mobilisation?

A

Fatty acids bind to albumin in blood and then later dissociate from albumin and enter cytosol of cells

61
Q

How many ATP’s do Fatty Acids produce?

A

131 ATP.

62
Q

How is cholesterol removed?

A
  • Via transfer into GIT and excretion via the faeces.

- Approx. 50% is eliminated after conversion to bile acids.

63
Q

What are the proteins in the ETC?

A
  1. NADH-Q Reductase.
  2. Succinate Dehydrogenase.
    A. Ubiquinone
  3. Cytochrome C Reductase
    B. Cytochrome C
  4. Cytochrome C Oxidase.

Metabolism (11 decks)

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