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Metabolism > Amino Acid fate etc. > Flashcards

Amino Acid fate etc. Flashcards

1
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

We can only get them through our diet. Body cannot synthesise them.

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2
Q

What levels of amino acids are excreted?

A

Very low levels.

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3
Q

What is the rate of turnover of proteins in the liver cells?

A

Very high turnover rate, synthesised and broken down quickly.

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4
Q

What are the 2 main processes involved with Amino acid catabolism in the liver?

A
  1. removal and excretion of amino group (transamination and deamination).
  2. Oxidation of carbon skeleton.
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5
Q

What tissue in the body can deal with ammonia produced by amino acid?

A

Liver is the only tissue.

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6
Q

Where does the Urea cycle occur?

A

In the Liver.

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7
Q

Where does transamination and deamination occur?

A

Kidneys and Liver.

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8
Q

What is the general purpose of transamination?

A

Use one amino acid to make another amino acid.

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9
Q

In terms of energy, what are the 2 types of amino acids?

A

Glucogenic (can enter Gluconeogeneis) and ketogenic (can convert into ketone bodies)

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10
Q

What happens to the amino group of one amino acid?

A

It gives it’s amino group to ALPHA-keto glutarate.

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11
Q

What happens to the amino acid that donates it’s amino group?

A

It becomes an ALPHA-keto acid.

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12
Q

What happens to the ALPHA-keto glutarate that accepts the amino group?

A

It becomes L-glutamate.

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13
Q

What enzyme catalyses the transamination reactions?

A

Transaminase/Aminotransferases.

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14
Q

What cofactor does Transaminase need?

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate.

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15
Q

Where is the cofactor derived from?

A

B group Vitamin pyridoxine.

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16
Q

What is the function of glutamate after it accepts amino groups?

A

It acts as an amino group donor for biosynthetic pathways or excretion pathways that lead to the elimination of nitrogenous waste products.

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17
Q

What are common amino acids that undergo transamination and deamination?

A

Glutamine from other tissues and Alanine from muscles.

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18
Q

What is the main reason for deamination?

A

Way to get rid of toxic ammonia in the body.

19
Q

What happens to L-glutamate?

A

The L-glutamate has it’s ammonia cleaved off.

20
Q

What enzyme acts on L-glutamate during demaination?

A

Glutamate Dehydrogenase.

21
Q

What happens to the ammonia?

A

It must enter the urea cycle and be converted to urea before being excreted.

22
Q

Why is the ammonia converted into another substance?

A

Ammonia is toxic for our cells.

23
Q

Is Ammonia very water soluble?

A

No.

24
Q

What are properties of urea?

A

Safe, water soluble, non-toxic.

25
Q

Why is urea good in the urine.

A

It is ore water soluble, so less water is excreted.

26
Q

Structure of urea?

A

2 amino groups/N atoms.

27
Q

Where does the urea cycle function?

A

Liver.

28
Q

What pathway produces urea?

A

Urea cycle.

29
Q

Where does the first Nitrogen for the urea cycle come from?

A

Ammonia produced from glutamate during deamination enters urea cycle as carbamoyl phosphate.

30
Q

What is the source of the second Nitrogen atom?

A

Aspartate, an amino acid.

31
Q

Energy requirements of Urea cycle?

A

Endergonic reaction, needs 3 ATP for every urea molecule produced.

32
Q

Energy production?

A

Fumarate goes into CAC via being converted into Malate. 1 NADH and 2.5 ATP is produced.

33
Q

Why could there be excess ammonia in the blood?

A
  1. Liver damage.
  2. Deficiency in urea cycle enzymes.
  3. High-protein diets.
34
Q

Symptoms of excess ammonia in blood?

A

Person appears drunk because ammonia can cross blood brain barrier.

35
Q

Where does ketogenesis occur?

A

In the Liver.

36
Q

What are ketones made from?

A

Acetyl CoA.

37
Q

What diet stimulates Ketogenesis?

A

High fat/low carb diet.

38
Q

What are the 3 main ketones?

A

Acetone, Acetoacetate, BETA-hydroxyl-butyrate

39
Q

What is the major site of metabolism of drugs and toxic compounds?

A

Liver.

40
Q

What is the first phase of drug metabolism in the Liver?

A

Modification.

41
Q

What happens in Phase 1 of drug metabolism in the Liver?

A

Toxin or drug is oxidised, reduced, or hydrolysed.

42
Q

What happens to the properties of the drug after phase 1?

A

It becomes more hydrophilic /polar and also more reactive (volatile).

43
Q

What is phase 2 of drug and toxin metabolism?

A

Conjugation.

44
Q

What happens in phase 2 of of drug metabolism in the Liver?

A

Polar functional groups are added on to make the compound more soluble and less reactive. Able to be excreted in urine.

Metabolism (11 decks)

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