FRUITS N PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flashcards
The process of manufacturing food in plants, mainly sugar, from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, utilizing light energy and releasing oxygen gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Essential factors in photosynthesis
- RAW MATERIALS
- ENERGY
- PIGMENTS
- TEMPERATURE
- CARRIER MOLECULES
- ENZYMES
What gas is being released during photosynthesis?
OXYGEN GAS
Product of photosynthesis
SUGAR/ GLUCOSE
Types of raw materials
- CARBON DIOXIDE
- WATER (H20)
Main source of light energy
SUN OR SOLAR ENERGY
- BUT ELECTRIC LIGHT CAN ALSO BE USED
These wavelengths are mainly reflected from and transmitted through the leaves
YELLOW AND GREEN WAVELENGTHS
Is any factor whose presence is required before a reaction proceeds
ESSENTIAL FACTORS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
From the atmosphere which diffuses into the intercellular spaces of the leaf through the stoma
CARBON DIOXIDE
Absorbed from the environment by the cells; is transported to the leaves through the xylem
WATER
It enables the plant to absorb light energy and to use the absorbed energy in the production of sugars
PIGMENTS
Color of carotenes
YELLOW ORANGE PIGMENTS
What color/s of light energy is/are effective?
RED AND BLUE WAVELENGTHS
The process may be considered as one in which the solar energy is converted to _____ and stored in the form of _____
CHEMICAL ENERGY, CARBOHYDRATES
What is the source of energy?
LIGHT ENERGY
The pigment primarily involved in the photosynthesis
CHLOROPHYLL
Color of xanthophyll
YELLOW PIGMENTS
Example color of chlorophyll A and B
- A (BLUISH GREEN PIGMENT)
- B (YELLOWISH GREEN PIGMENT)
The range of temperature for photosynthesis is from __ to __
FROM 5°C TO 40°C
It speeds up the chemical reaction and is also present in chloroplasts
ENZYMES
How many molecules of PGA is needed to be converted into hexose
12 MOLECULES OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID
The principal end product in the majority of plants
6-CARBON SUGAR OR HEXOSE
Materials produced during photosynthesis
- A 6-CARBON SUGAR OR HEXOSE
- PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID (PGA)
- OXALOACETIC ACID
Meaning of NAPH
NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE HYDROGEN
A 4-carbon compound which is the first product formed in some plants termed the C4 plants as differentiated from the C3 plants
OXALOACETIC ACID
A 3-carbon compound which is the first product formed
PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID (PGA)
Reaction where chlorophyll becomes active
PHOTO ACTIVATION
Light to chemical energy; release of O; product ATP and NAPH; thylakoid membrane
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION
Meaning of ATP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
What do you call the reaction where CO2 is brought into the system of dark reaction?
CALVIN CYCLE
Step of photosynthesis where it involves the incorporation of CO2 into the final production
DARK REACTION
Overall photosynthetic reaction
6CO2 + 12H2O -> (LIGHT, PLANT ENZYMES) C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Process in which ATP is formed from ADP
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Essentially a water-splitting operation by means of which hydrogen is made available for the next step
LIGHT OR HILL REACTION
Reaction where chlorophyll expels highly energized electron; becomes positively charged
PHOTO IONIZATION
What do you call the method where ADP plus pyrophosphate forms ATP
OXIDATION PHOSPHORYLATION
Steps of photosynthesis
- LIGHT OR HILL REACTION
- DARK REACTION
Involves the absorption of light energy and the production of an energy-rich compound, ATP, a process called photophosphorylation
LIGHT OR HILL REACTION
It refers to a series of complex oxidation-reduction reactions whereby living cell obtain energy through the breakdown of organic material
RESPIRATION
In this process, therefore, chemical energy of food is transferred to the chemical energy of some compounds, usually ATP
RESPIRATION
Breaks down pyruvic acid to CO2 and H2
KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Process wherein the H atoms given off during the Kreb’s cycle are passed along a series of compounds and energy is transferred to chemical bonds of pyrophosphate formed when ADP plus pyrophosphate forms ATP, and finally uniting with oxygen to form, the water of respiration
TERMINAL OXIDATION
Anaerobic conversion of glucose to 2 pyruvic acid molecules
GLYCOLYSIS
The innermost layer which usually surrounds the seeds
ENDOCARP
Common method use in respiration
- GLYCOLYSIS
- KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE
- TERMINAL OXIDATION
Respiration reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
The ripened ovary of the flower
FRUITS
The outermost layer of pericarp
EXOCARP
Protects seeds, aid in their dissemination, and may be factor in timing their germination
FRUIT
The fruit wall
PERICARP
Fruit that develops without fertilization
PARTHENOCARPIC
Layers of pericarp
- EXOCARP
- MESOCARP
- ENDOCARP
Types of fruits based on consistency
- PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- PERICARP FLESHY
The fleshy middle layer of pericarp
MESOCARP
Types of fruits
- BASED ON THE ORIGIN
- BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
- BASED ON CONSISTENCY
Fruit the develops after fertilization
NORMAL FRUIT
Fruit that develops from 1 ovary
SIMPLE FRUIT
Fruit that develops from several ovary
COMPOUND FRUIT
Type of compound fruit where it develops from the several ovaries of a single flower
AGGREGATE
Examples of an aggregate fruit
- ATIS
- GUYABANO
Type of compound fruit where it develops from several ovaries of a compact inflorescence
MULTIPLE (COLLECTIVE)
Examples of multiple (collective) fruits
- LANGKA
- PINEAPPLE
- DURIAN
- RIMAS
Type of pericarp dry and dehiscent where the fruit arises from a single carpel which at maturity splits along 2 sutures; with the shell, pericarp endorsing the seeds
LEGUME OR POD
Examples of legume or pod fruits
- PEANUT
- SITAO
- BATAO
- PATANI
Type of pericarp dry and dehiscent where the fruit develops from a single carpel and opens along 1 suture
FOLLICLE
Examples of a follicle fruits
- CAMACHILLE
- KALACHUCHI
Type of pericarp dry and dehiscent where the fruit derives from an ovary with 2 or more united carpels, each carpel producing few to many seeds and splits in various ways
CAPSULE
Examples of a capsule fruit
- CASTOR OIL
- BANABA
- OKRA
- COTTON
Type of pericarp dry and dehiscent where the fruit derives from a superior ovary consisting of 2 locule which at maturity separates into 3 portion with the seeds attached to the central persistent portion
SILIQUE
Example of a silique fruit
MALUNGGAY
Type of pericarp dry and indehiscent where the fruit is commonly called “seeds” but when the pericarp is broken, the seeds within is seen to be attached to the ovary wall at one point
ACHENE
Type of achene fruit
- STRAWBERRY
- PINEAPPLE
Type of pericarp dry and indehiscent where the fruit is also one seeded, but the pericarp and seed coat are firmly united
GRAIN (CARYOPSIS)
Examples of grain (caryopsis) fruit
- CORN
- RICE
Type of pericarp dry and indehiscent where the fruit is may be one-seeded or two-seeded and has a wing-like outgrowth of the ovary wall
SAMARA
Examples of a samara fruit
- NARRA
- MAPLE
Type of pericarp dry and indehiscent where the fruit derived from 2 carpels which splits when mature, along the midline into 2 one-seeded indehiscent leaves
SCHIZOCARP
Examples of a schizocarp fruits
- CARROT
- MUSTARD FAMILY
Type of pericarp dry and indehiscent where the is one-seeded with a hard or stony pericarp commonly called the shell
NUT
Examples of a nut fruit
- CASHEW NUT
- PISTACCHIO
- WALL NUT
- CHESTNUT
Type of pericarp fleshy where the fruit is derived from a compound ovary, usually many seeds are embedded in a fleshy part which is both endocarp and mesocarp
BERRY
Examples of a berry fruits
- EGGPLANT
- TOMATO
- GRAPES
Type of pericarp fleshy where it is a type of berry, with a thick leathery rind with numerous glands which constitute the exocarp and mesocarp and a thick juicy portion of several wedge-shaped locules which are outgrowths from the endocarp
HESPERIDIUM
Examples of a hesperidium fruits
- ORANGE
- POMELO
- CALAMANSI
- DALANDAN
Type of pericarp fleshy where it is a berry-like fruit with a hard rind derived from the fusion of the receptacle and the exocarp while the fleshy part of the fruit is principally mesocarp and endocarp
PEPO
Examples of a pepo fruits
- CUCUMBER
- SQUASH
- WATERMELON
Type of pericarp fleshy where the fruit is derived from one carpel and is usually one-seeded, exocarp is thin, mesocarp maybe fleshy of fibrous and the endocarp is hard, consisting of thick-walled stone cells
DRUPE
Example of a drupe fruits
- PILI NUT
- COCONUT
- AVOCADO
- MANGO
Type of pericarp fleshy where the fruit is derived from an inferior ovary; the fleshy part is the enlarged floral tube and the core comes from the ovary
POME
Examples of a pome fruit
- APPLE
- PEAR
It is the loss of water in vapor form in a living plant
TRANSPIRATION
Process where the principal transpiring organs are the leaves
TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration may occur through the cuticle, but most of the water loss during the day are through the ___
STOMATA
Factors affecting transpiration rate
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- STRUCTURAL FACTORS PREVENTING WATER LOSS
Environmental factors
- ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY
- AIR MOVEMENTS
- AIR TEMPERATURE
- LIGHT INTENSITY
- SOIL CONDITION
Structural factors preventing water loss
- CUTICLE
- STOMATAL BARRIER
- SUNKEN STOMATA
- DISTRIBUTION OF STOMATA
- REDUCTION OF TRANSPIRING SURFACE
The drier the air above the plant, the greater is the transpiration rate
ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY
The more rapid the air movement, the faster is the rate of transpiration
AIR MOVEMENTS
The higher the temperature of air surrounding the leaf, the faster is the rate of transpiration
AIR TEMPERATURE
As light intensity increases, the transpiration rate also increases
LIGHT INTENSITY
Any soil condition that influences water absorption by the roots affects transpiration rate
SOIL CONDITIONS
The presence of a wax-like material, cutin in the cell wall and thickening of the outer wall of epidermal cells reduces transpiration
CUTICLE
When guard cells become turgid, the stomatal aperture widens, thus after a period of rapid transpiration, the stomata close reducing water loss
STOMATAL BARRIER
When stomata are below the level of the leaf surface, diffusion of water vapor is decreased
SUNKEN STOMATA
Loss of water is decreased if fewer stomata are located at the upper surface of the leaf
DISTRIBUTION OF STOMATA
Any decrease in leaf surface will decrease transpiration rate
REDUCTION OF TRANSPIRING SURFACE
The loss of liquid from the leaves of intact plants
GUTTATION
Occurs when water absorption is rapid but transpiration is low
GUTTATION
Specialized structures of guttation that are present at the tips, margins or surfaces of leaves through which water passes out
HYDATHODES
What is the liquid of guttation
DILUTED SALT SOLUTION
The structure that develops from the ovule after fertilization
SEED
Parts of a seed
- SEED COATS
- ENDOSPERM
- EMBRYO
The covering of a seed
SEED COAT
Seed coats are made up of ____ derived from the outer integument and the ____ from the inner integument
TESTA, TEGMEN
Associated with seed coats are
- HILUM
- MICROPYLE
- RAPHE
Scar on the seed coat
HILUM
Small opening near the hilum
MICROPYLE
Ridge located on the testa
RAPHE
Derives from the primary endosperm cell and contains the stored food of the seed
ENDOSPERM
Parts of embryo
- COTYLEDON
- EPICOTYL
- HYPOCOTYL
Part of the embryo below the point of attachment of the cotyledons; its growing tip, the radicle give rise to the primary root
HYPOCOTYL
One or two seeded leaves
COTYLEDON
Part of the embryo above the point of attachment of the cotyledons; it growing tip, the plumule, constitutes the first bud
EPICOTYL
