From slides

Question 1

three requirements to ensure infection

Answer 1

1. Sufficient infectious particles
2. Accessible, permissive and susceptible
3. Absent, quiesient or limited antiviral defense

Question 2

Routes of viral entry into a host

Answer 2

Respiratory Tract 
Alimentary or Gastrointestinal Tract 
The urogenital tract 
The Conjunctiva 
Skin 
Trans-placential or perinatal

Question 3

Viral spread

Answer 3

localized, disseminated, systemic

Question 4

IFN (interfearon response)

Answer 4

Cytokines that induce ISGs, cause physiological changes Interfearons inhibit viral replication through ISGs

Question 5

Patterns of infection

Answer 5

Acute (influenza), Peristient ( HIV), Latent (Herpes), Chronic (hepatitis)

Question 6

Quasispecies

Answer 6

non identical virus in population, lots of sequence mutants in virus.

Question 7

Drivers of viral evolution

Answer 7

• mutation and selection
• large number of progeny
• selection: host antiviral
• large number of mutants
• Quasispecies effect

Question 8

Red queen conflict:

Answer 8

constantly mutate to beat virus but they have to be mutating to beat us. Arms race btwn us and virus
ex: TRIM5a change in HIV, PKR change in pox, hepatitis, influenza

Question 9

constraints of viral evolution

Answer 9

• extreme mutants do not survive
• metastability of capsid
• selection
• genome is only so big

Question 10

The forces that drive viral emergence is:

Answer 10

• Human population / social behavior (travel)
• Climate changes and environmental changes
• Ecological factors
• Genetic and biological factors
• Microbial evolution / adaptation

Question 11

Stable

Answer 11

Both virus and host survive and multiply. Some are permanent.
Ex: herpes, cold, flu, measels, HPV

Question 12

Evolving

Answer 12

instability and unpredictability. May be benign or fatal.

ex: HIV, small pox, west nile

Question 13

Dead-end

Answer 13

frequent cross-species infection, new host may not spread it, contribute little to the spread of the natural infection
Ex: west nile

Question 14

Resistant

Answer 14

viral infection is blocked

Question 15

WNV

Answer 15

emerging, flavivirus via mosquitos

Question 16

Zika

Answer 16

neurotropic, mosquitos mother to child

Question 17

yellow fever

Answer 17

mosquitos, jefferson

Question 18

Nipah

Answer 18

mylasia 1998, from bats urine and human to human, emerging virus

Question 19

hanta virus

Answer 19

mouse in yosemite

Question 20

SARS

Answer 20

pneumonia like symptoms mechanical ventilation, emerging virus , og from china doctor

Question 21

MERS-coV

Answer 21

corona virus,

Question 22

Mayaro virus

Answer 22

mosquitos, fever aches pain, from earthquake

Question 23

Ebola Virus

Answer 23

mucosal membranes, immune mediated, infected macrophages, loss of blood flow leads to organ failure.

Question 24

BSL-4

Answer 24

highest mortality

Question 25

Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Answer 25

effects nervous system, mild respiratory, children maybe enterotoxin not much known