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HESP630 Final > Frequency-Following Response & APD Assessment > Flashcards

Frequency-Following Response & APD Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological basis of auditory processing disorders?

A
  • Some children with language-based learning difficulties may have deficits in auditory processing
  • Older adults have difficulty processing the temporal aspects of speech
  • Excessive noise or trauma may lead to auditory processing deficits in the presence of normal audiometric thresholds
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2
Q

What is the FFR?

A
  • ABR to complex sounds (CABR)
  • May use ecologically valid acoustic complex sounds (i.e. speech, music)
  • Brainstem response should mirror the eliciting stimulus (has same periodicity, hence called the FREQUENCY-following response)
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3
Q

Describe the fidelity of the FFR.

A
  • Benefit of FFR: fidelity in the time domain
  • Just like ABR, 0.2-0.3 ms difference between ears can be alarming
  • Reliability across time is an important factor in clinical assessments
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4
Q

Of what does ABR provide presentations of neural encoding?

A

1) TIMING: on/offest, temporal envelope
2) PITCH: encoding of F0
3) TIMBRE: FFT encoding of H2+

-Done through cycle-by-cycle neural phase-locking

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5
Q

Why record ABRs to speech?

A
  • Can measure both onset and offset of response in cABR
  • May be helpful in studying age-related processing deficits
  • A clear FFR is only generated with stimuli that are presented at levels of at least moderate intensity (50-60 dB SPL)
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6
Q

Describe FFR recording.

A
  • Filtered from 70-2000 Hz to isolate contributions of the brainstem
  • Need to present thousands of times to see above noise floor
  • Can obtain response with as few as 3 electrodes
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7
Q

Describe FFR analysis in the time domain.

A
  • Timing & amplitude of any given peak
  • RMS amplitude of a given range
  • STR
  • Correlation of responses across different conditions (i.e Q vs. N)
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8
Q

Describe FFR analysis in the frequency domain (FFT).

A
  • F0

- Harmonics

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9
Q

Describe FFR analysis in the time-frequency domain.

A
  • Pitch tracking

- Phase locking

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10
Q

What is pitch tracking?

A
  • How well the brainstem tracks the frequency of the stimulus
  • Tracks changing pitch contour
  • May be meaningful in tonal languages
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11
Q

What is phase-locking?

A

-Robustness of signal encoding

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12
Q

What are the principal symptoms of children with APD?

A
  • Reduced speech-in-noise performance

- Dyslexia

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13
Q

What effect does noise have on the FFR?

A

-Increased peak latencies and decreased peak amplitudes

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14
Q

What did Anderson et al. (2010) find?

A
  • Greater timing delays (peak latencies) in poor SIN group compared to better SIN group in quiet vs. noise
  • Degree of shift decreases until you reach the steady-state portion of the vowel
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15
Q

Describe FFR and reading disorders.

A
  • Poor readers exhibited delayed peak latencies for onset trough, onset, and offset
  • Less robust representation of speech stimulus (reduced sound mapping abilities in cortex?)
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16
Q

Describe the FFR and APD/SLI.

A
  • Latency delays in children with SLI/APD are more pronounced with SLI
  • Delays may be caused by not-robust representations of speech/stimuli in the brain
17
Q

Can the FFR be used to predict later language/reading skills in children?

A
  • Early ID/treatment of HL leads to better language outcomes if before 0;6
  • Auditory processing deficits are associated with language/literacy deficits (shown in both behavioral and electrophysiological studies)
  • In toddlers aged 3-4 years, FFR measures of speech encoding in noise related to measures of phonological processing at the time of test (also correlation between FFR in noise/pre-reading)
  • Higher phonological processing score at 2;0 correlated with lower consonants-in-noise scores measured at 1;0
  • A discriminant function analysis correctly classified 69% of children based on LD diagnosis
18
Q

Can we obtain reliable FFRs to speech in infants?

A
  • YES, it is possible
  • Amplitude of Angela’s response was higher following stimulus onset
  • Can see 100-Hz peaks repeated in response waveform
  • Good correspondence between reps
  • Van Dyke et al. (2017) found good representations of stimulus envelope and TFS in infants
19
Q

Can the FFR predict later language development?

A
  • Communication Development Inventory (CDI) questionnaire mailed out to parent at 1;6
  • Infants with lower MCDI scores have lower periodicity
  • Response peaks don’t repeat as nicely in at-risk group (also degraded response until SS)
20
Q

What deficits are exhibited by children with ASD?

A
  • Production and perception of prosody
  • Neural encoding of speech
  • Neural encoding of pitch change over time
21
Q

Describe pitch tracking in children with ASD.

A
  • Children with ASD have disrupted pitch tracking
  • Response doesn’t follow the stimulus at all until the brain realizes that something meaningful is presented (looks like noise)
22
Q

Describe Anderson et al. (2011).

A
  • Older participants were assigned to top and bottom SIN groups based on HINT results
  • Grouped matched on age, IQ, sex, and hearing
  • Recorded responses to 170 ms /da/ presented in quiet and 6-talker babble
  • Top SIN: larger amplitudes, larger F0
  • Greater effects of noise in bottom SIN group (TR region)
  • Change in morphology related to SIN
23
Q

How can we study neural processing and speech-in-noise performance in older adults?

A

1) Animal models of aging

2) Distinguishing chronological age vs. biological age

24
Q

What are some animal models of aging?

A
  • Synaptopathy: Cunningham & Tucci (2015)
  • Auditory nerve degeneration: Kujawa & Liberman (2006)
  • Delayed neural recovery (midbrain): Walton et al. (1996)
  • Latency increase (cortex): Hughes et al. (2010)
25
Q

Describe chronological age vs. biological age.

A
  • Does the FFR reflect biological aging?
  • Audiogram may be matched for younger and older adults up to 4 kHz (similar to click ABR responses)
  • FFR for older adults demonstrated smaller amplitudes and weaker synchrony
26
Q

Describe Gordon-Salant et al. (2008).

A
  • Older adults need longer silence duration (gaps)
  • STR correlations are higher in younger than older adults in Ditch but not Dish (no gap)
  • Phase locking robust in YNH vs. ONH groups and relates to 50% crossover for Dish/Ditch
27
Q

Describe Presacco et al. (2016).

A
  • Neural encoding of speech-in-noise
  • Noise effects on response amplitude are greater in younger than in older adults
  • However, despite greater reduction in response amplitude in noise, there are less effects of noise on overall morphology in younger adults

HESP630 Final (9 decks)

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