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Bacteriology > Francisella and Brucella > Flashcards

Francisella and Brucella Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics

A

-small gram negative cocco- bacilli
-biocontainment level 3
-intracellular parasites
-found in variety of species

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2
Q

Francisella specific characteristic

A

-obligate aerobe

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3
Q

Brucella specific characteristic

A

-aerobic
-capnophilic
-stain with modified Ziehl-Neelson stain = bright red cocco-bacilli in clusters
-genome composed of 2 chromosomes (exception: B. suis biovar 3 has 1 chromosome)

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4
Q

Francisella tularensis Host or habitat

A

-found in primarily northern countries (30-70degrees Northern)
-found in rodents/lagomorphs
*N. America: rabbit, wild hares, rodents
and other species (mammals, birds, reptiles, fish)

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5
Q

Brucella species host and habitat

A

-host associated
-Syria has highest incidence globally
-Guatemala and costa rica highest in Americas

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6
Q

B. abortus

A

-prefers cattle
-also found in bison, elk, camels, yaks, pigs

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7
Q

B. melitensis

A

prefers sheep and goats

Also found in cattle and yaks

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8
Q

B. suis

A

-Biovars 1,2,3= pigs (1,3 can be found in cattle and horses; 2 found in hares)
-Biovar 4=caribou (can be found in moose, arctic fox, wolves)
-Biovar 5= wild rodents

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9
Q

B. canis

A

-found in dogs

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10
Q

B. ovis

A

-found in sheep

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11
Q

How are biovars divided?

A

-CO2 requirement
-production of H2S
-growth on selective media
-ID of A and M antigens (agglutination)

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12
Q

Francisella tularensis virulence factors

A

-high ability to multiply
-intracellular pathogen (lives in macrophages and can escape phagosome and replicate in cytosol)
-encapsulated- helps to evade complement and prevent phagocytosis
-No exotoxins

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13
Q

Brucella sp virulence factors

A

-Lack classical VF and no genes associated with horizontal gene transfer

-LPS O-chain- involved in entering macrophages, preventing lysosome fusion

-cyclic beta-1,2 glycan - prevents lysosome function

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14
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

-causes tularemia in a variety of species
**Varies ways that tularemia presents itself

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15
Q

Brucella abortus

A

Cattle: abortion and orchitis

Other ruminants, pigs, camels: sporadic abortion

Humans: undulant fever

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16
Q

Brucella melitensis

A

Goats and sheep: abortion

Cattle, camels: occasional abortion, excretion in milk

Humans: malta fever

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17
Q

Brucella suis

A

pigs: abortion, orchitis, osteomyelitis

cattle: excretion in milk

Humans: undulant fever

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18
Q

Brucella canis

A

Dogs: abortion, epididymytis, discospondylitis

Humans: undulant fever

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19
Q

Brucella pinnipedialis

A

-infects marine mammals

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20
Q

Brucella microti

A

Voles: systemic infections

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21
Q

Brucella inopinata

A

frogs and toads: cutaneous infections
-can also see excoriations and granulomatous inflammation on thighs and abdomen

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22
Q

Francisella tularensis spread

A

-causes tularemia
-endosymbionts of ticks
-moves through arthropods, rodents and lagomorphs, and environment
-spread by ticks and deer flies, direct contact with infected animal, ingestion of contaminated water (eg. animal dies near water source)
-Thought to be able to cross barriers (skin and gloves). Does not need wound.

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23
Q

Infectious dose of F. tularensis

A

Very low infectious dose (10-50 organisms)

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24
Q

Treatment of F. tularensis

A

Antimicrobials- streptomycin is first choice in humans. Similar drugs likely useful in companion animals

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25
Q

Species susceptibility of F. tularensis

A

-cattle, pigs, dogs seem less susceptible

-cats quite susceptible

26
Q

Incubation period of F. tularensis

A

48hrs following oral exposure

27
Q

Dogs with tularemia

A

-anorexia, low grade fever
-ocular signs including uveitis, conjunctivitis
-sudden death has been reported following sniffing of dead infected rabbit

28
Q

Cats with tularemia

A

-fever, depression, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly

-oral or lingual ulceration (ingestion of infected rabbit)

-abscessation

29
Q

Tularemia in people

A

-Incubation: 2days to 3 weeks
-various forms of disease depending on route of infection
-people at risk= hunters, large animal vets, farmers

30
Q

Ulceroglandular tularemia in people

A

-ulcerated skin lesions at site of inoculation (bite or scratch)

-acute onset of fever, chills, headache, sore throat, diarrhea

-lymph nodes may suppurate and require drainage

31
Q

Glandular tularemia in people

A

-lymphadenopathy without obvious skin lesions

-lymph nodes may suppurate and require drainage

32
Q

Pneumonic tularemia

A

-associated with gardeners and lawn mowers

-lawn mower was aerosolizing dead animals microbes

33
Q

B. abortus

A

-not present in Canada; eradication program in 1940s. Still present in Wood Buffalo National Park in AB/NWT

34
Q

B. abortus clinical presentation in cattle

A

**reproductive system
-ruminant placenta abortions
-ochitis and epididymitis in bulls
-synovitis (hygromas)

35
Q

Spread of B. abortus

A

*highest transmission after parturition

1.Ingestion
-grazing on contaminated pastures (can live for 1-3mths in environment)
2.penetration of skin or intact conjunctiva
3. Use of infected bull semen in AI

36
Q

Treatment of B. abortus

A

Call CFIA. Response=regulation= stamp out

Difficult to treat because organism is intracellular

37
Q

B. melitensis presence

A
  • never in canada; present in Mediterranean region and global south

-associated with sheep and goats

-causes abortion late in pregnanc. Organisms can hide out in lymph nodes associated with mammary glands= shed in milk for years

38
Q

B. melitensis spread

A

Spread through contact with placenta, milk or vaginal discharge
**Pasteurize milk.

39
Q

B. melitensis in people

A

-Called Malta fever
-spread through milk of ruminants

40
Q

Treatment of B. melitensis

A
  1. Call CFIA. Response= stamp out

2.Control of disease in affected regions
-hygiene (clean up after lambing/kidding)
-vaccination

41
Q

Brucella species over time in Canada

A

Early on, humans did not pasteurize dairy. Once laws put in place, saw huge decrease in numbers of disease

42
Q

B. suis prevalence

A

-Not reported in pigs in Canada

-transmission in endemic regions in by introduction of infected animals into herd, or AI using contaminated semen

-wildlife (rats and hares) can maintain organism

43
Q

Reproductive disease from B. suis

A

Sows: infertility, abortions, fetal mummifications

Boars: orchitis and swelling and necrosis of testes, lameness, arthritis, discospondylitis

44
Q

CFIA steps for Brucella free herds

A
  1. import controls
  2. surveillance
  3. investigate suspect cases
  4. depopulation
  5. decontaminate
  6. post stocking treatment (ongoing tests after re stocking of farm to confirm absence)
45
Q

Local reservoirs in Canada

A
  1. B. abortus in bison
  2. Rangiferine brucellosis in arctic caribou
46
Q

B canis prevalence in canada

A

-present in canada

-seen in increasing numbers from importation of rescue dogs

47
Q

Presentations of B. canis in dogs

A

-Bitches abort dead fetuses
-abortions occurring 2 weeks before term
-uncastrated males with huge testicles; not painful but may get some dermatitis
-osteomyelitis, discospondylitis
-uveitis and ocular disease in chronic infections

48
Q

B canis transmission

A

-shed in estrus
-high numbers in aborted pups
-seminal fluid and urine from infected males (intermittent shedding reported for up to 2 yrs)

49
Q

B canis treatment

A

-intracellular organisms are tricky
-no treatment 100% animals. Need multiple antimicrobial regimens (streptomycin, tetracyclins, enrofloxacin)
-males should be neutered and given antimicrobials

**Do not breed brucella positive animals

50
Q

Sample handling

A

-gloves (double)
-respiratory protection
-no re capping needles

51
Q

Francisella collection

A

-swabs from ulcers and wounds
-store in Aimes media with charcoal (7 days at room temp)
-send tissues to lab for freezing at -20 to -70 for confirmation
-blood serology

52
Q

Brucella collection

A

-abortion-send whole fetus; otherwise fetal stomach, lesions, cotyledons, uterine discharge
*fetal lesions fixed in formalin

-Octhitis- ejaculate, tissues

-lymph nodes

-milk

-arthritis/discospondylitis- aspirates, swabs, necropsy collected tissues

53
Q

Lab ID

A

Tell Lab workers! Very dangerous

Francisella
-culture, cytological evaluation with smears from lesions
-immunohistochemistry of formalin fixed tissues
-serology
-PCR

Brucella
-serological tests (most common)
-culture (gold standard)
-PCR
-agglutination tests

54
Q

False reactors

A

-animals that appear to have B. abortus antibodies.
Occurs due to cross reactivity of antibodies to other organisms (commonly Yersinia enterocolitica)

55
Q

Brucella zoonoses

A

-challenging to diagnose because long incubation period (1 week to 3 mths)

-foci of infection and suppuration in joints and viscera

56
Q

Brucella infection presentations in humans

A

**often chronic, non-specific disease
-fever, chills, malaise, severe headache, myalgias, lymphadenopathy
-cutaneous/vascular disease, rashes or deep vascular thrombosis

-undulant fever is classic sign (fever at night for weeks, then normal during day. Then periods of normal, and then cycle repeats)

57
Q

What are most zoonoses of brucella linked with?

A

~500,000 cases per year

-associated with unpasteurized dairy products (Mostly B. melitensis and abortus most problematic)

-linked with world travellers (raw dairy products and undercooked meats in exotic locals)

58
Q

B canis vs. B abortus, meletensis, suis

A

B canis associated with lower risk of transmission
BUT vets who have more contact with abortuses and lab workers are most at risk

59
Q

Laboratory acquired infections

A

-commonly caused by Brucella

60
Q

Treatment

A

-prolonged antimicrobial therapy

-oral tetracycline for 6 wks, followed by daily IM injections of streptomycin for 2-3wks

Bacteriology (20 decks)

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