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Bacteriology > Enterobacterales (other than E coli) > Flashcards

Enterobacterales (other than E coli) Flashcards

1
Q

Host/habitat

A

-Expected microbiota in wide variety of animals guts

-Salmonella enterica arizonae associated with reptiles

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2
Q

Most common salmonella in canada human disease

A

-Salmonella Enteritidis

-Salmonella heidelberg

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3
Q

Salmonella taxonomy

A

3 species: subterranea, bongori, enterica

Further divided into serovars/serotypes

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4
Q

Sevovars

A

Defined by presence of surface antigens
-O antigens: based on the oligosaccharides associated with LPS
-H antigens: based on flagellar proteins
>2 phases (express multiple flagella proteins)
>strains can be mono or di phasic

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5
Q

Virulence factors of salmonella

A
  1. Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI)- gene clusters containing virulence genes
  2. Type 3 secretion systems
  3. Fimbriae for adherence and colonization
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6
Q

Type 3 secretion systems

A

-detects host cells
-acts as a needle/syringe to inject effector molecule
-involved with invasion

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7
Q

Salmonella Dublin

A

-host adapted strain to cattle

-Causes Severe disease in endemic herds
>septicemia in calves under 1 week
>acute enteritis in older calves and adults
>abortion in pregnant cows
>chronic enteritis in older cows (inappetence, decrease in weight gain)
>terminal dry gangrene (necrosis of feet)

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8
Q

Management of Salmonella Dublin

A

-clean calving areas
-rodent control
-vaccine possible

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9
Q

Salmonella Cholersuis

A

-host adapted to pigs, maintained by carriers

Causes:
-sepsis common
-enterocolitis
-secondary infections following bacteremia (pneumonia, hepatitis)

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10
Q

Salmonella Cholersuis management

A

-reduce stress (housing density, nutrition, concurrent infectious diseases) to reduce shedding by carriers
-autogenous bacterins may be helpful

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11
Q

Salmonella Pullorum

A

-host adapted to birds
-Canada has been free of it since 1982
-infects ova and chicks are infected prior to hatching. Then after hatching, environment infected

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12
Q

Presentation of Salmonella Pullorum

A

Young chicks and poults: inappetence, depression, diarrhea, death

Older birds: inappetence, arthritis, decreased production, diarrhea, pyrexia, increased mortality

**birds that survive infection become reservoir for flock

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13
Q

Other salmonella subtypes in birds/poultry

A

-Fecal-oral transmission (direct fecal contact, through litter, fluff or water)

-often seen high losses in young (under 2 weeks)= septicemia

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14
Q

Salmonella Typhi in humans

A

-host adapted for humans
-spread by food and water (only eat hot food, pasteurized food, cleaned fruit and veg)
-results in high fever, weakness, stomach pains, death

-uncommon in Western countries; mostly travel associated (south Asia)

-Vaccine available

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15
Q

Yersina characteristics

A

-26 species; most species in biocontainment level 2, Yersinia pestis is level 3

-lactose non-fermenting
-motile (except yersina pestis)
-facultative intracellular parasites (survive within macrophages)

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16
Q

ID of Yersinia

A

-selective media= CIN (cefsulodin, irgasan, novobiocin) agar
*selects against other Enterobacterales

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17
Q

Yersinia pestis in people and cats

A

-causes plague

-thought to have been passed from China along Trade routes; now seems to have come from Europe before. Larger communities and cohabitation of people and rats

18
Q

Yersinia pestis in rodents

A

-causes sylvatic (wild animals) plague
-most likely to encounter in South-western US (New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah, Oregon)
-can be source of infection of cats and dogs

19
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in guinea pigs

A

causes Pseudotuberculosis (2 forms)

  1. Septicemic form
  2. Nodules in internal organs
20
Q

Y. pseudotuberculosis

A

Most common sporadic disease, abscessation of internal organs
-abortion in cattle and sheep (1-9% of affected animals)
-found in intestines and can cause enteric infections in variety of species (mammals, birds, possible humans)
-cause enteric disease under stress (cold wet weather, poor diet, association with stressful manipulations ex. handling)

21
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in sheep

A

-causes orchitis and epididymitis

22
Q

Yersinia enterocolotica in humans

A

Mainly enteric pathogen (foodborne illness) associated with eating undercooked pork

Symptoms:
1.young kids (fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea)
older kids/adults: fever, abdominal pain mimicing appendicitis

  1. Septicemia (iron overload, treatment with iron-chelating agents)

**sometimes causes enteric disease in ruminants

23
Q

Yersinia ruckeri in salmonid fish

A

-often affects fry and fingerling fish
-causes enteric red mouth disease (behavioural change- swimming near surface, loss of appetite; subcutaneous hemorrhages; post mortem reveals sempticemia)

**outbreaks have low sustained mortality leading to large loss

24
Q

Y. pestis forms in cats

A
  1. Bubonic
  2. Septicemic
  3. Pneumonia
25
Q

Bubonic form

A

Lymphadenomegaly
-usually submandibular LN following eating infected rodents
-may appear as abscess
-high fever

26
Q

Septicemic form

A

-may or may not follow bubonic form
-Haematogenous dissemination
-death 1-2 days

27
Q

Pneumonic form

A

-May follow haematogenous dissemination
-May be due to inhaling infectious droplets
-SERIOUS zoonotic risk
-another reason to beware the hissing cat (especially in endemic regions)

28
Q

Y. pestis in dogs vs cats and treatment

A

-Dogs less likely to develop clinical illness than cats

Treatment usually streptomycin. May also use Doxycycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol
**start with parenteral, then switch to oral

29
Q

Other Enterobacterales

A

Very common causes of opportunistic infections in many species
-mastitis, abortions, UTIs, diarrhea, sepsis

30
Q

Sample collection of salmonella

A

-feces
-blood for serology
-other affected tissues (abortuses, viscera/bone if septicemic)

31
Q

Sample collection of Yersinia pestis

A

-lymph nodes, aspirates
-edematous tissue
-blood

**handle with PPE!

32
Q

Sample collection of Yersinia species

A

-affected tissues (lymph nodes, blood, feces)

33
Q

Sample collection of other Enterobacterales

A

-affected tissues depending on site of infection

34
Q

Lab ID

A
  1. Salmonella sp
    -culture using selective media
    -serological

2.Yersina sp
-selective media
-incubation temp can help

  1. Other enterobacterales readily grow on blood and macconkey culture media
35
Q

Keys to ID

A

-colony morphology
-biochemical tests
-potentially serology MALDI-TOF
-DNA fingerprinting for stain typing can be used for outbreak ID

36
Q

Salmonella zoonoses

A

Consider all to be zoonotic
-foodborne and contact with infected animals
-poultry, pigs, horses, owl pellets, feeder mice and reptiles

37
Q

Yersinia pestis zoonoses

A

-highly zoonotic
-exudates, respiratory droplets (hissing cat!), fleas

38
Q

Treatment options

A

**Need to be based on susceptibility testing

-Resistance emerging within this family

-Intrinsic resistance in this family is common and widely varies by genus and species

39
Q

What drugs should be avoids because of emerging resistance?

A

-broad spectrum beta-lactamases
-fluoroquinolone resistance due to phage use

They have mobile genetic elements with multiple resistance genes

40
Q

Intrinsic Resistance

A

SPICE organisms
-Produce AmpC beta-lactamases- can be de-repressed with therapy

Therefore:
*intrinsic 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance
-avoid clavulanic acid
*avoid beta-lactams

Bacteriology (20 decks)

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