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Hard Tissue Pathology > Fractures & Traumatic Injuries (midterm) > Flashcards

Fractures & Traumatic Injuries (midterm) Flashcards

1
Q

Epiphyseal fractures have a salter harris fracture classification system. What are the types?

A

type 1-5

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2
Q

T/F: epiphyseal fractures are with kids only

A

true

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3
Q

Which Salter Harris fracture type is an isolated fracture through the growth plate?

A

type 1

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4
Q

Which Salter Harris fracture type is a fracture through a displaced growth plate that carries a corner of the metaphysis with it?

A

type 2

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5
Q

What is the metaphyseal fragment called in a type 2 Salter Harris fracture?

A

Thurston Holland sign

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6
Q

Which Salter Harris fracture type is the fracture line directed along the growth plate and turns towards the epiphysis?

A

type 3

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7
Q

Which Salter Harris fracture type is obliquely oriented, vertical fracture that passes through the epiphysis and growth plate?

A

type 4

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8
Q

What is the least common Salter Harris fracture type?

A

type 5

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9
Q

What is the most common Salter Harris fracture type?

A

type 2

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10
Q

Which Salter Harris fracture type results from a compressive deformity of the growth plate?

A

type 5

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11
Q

What is the mnemonic for Salter Harris fracture types?

A

SALTR
-S= same or straight across for type 1, fracture of the cartilage of the physis (growth plate)
-A= above for type 2, fracture lies above the physis
-L= lower for type 3, the fracture is below the physis in the epiphysis
-T= through for type 4, the fracture is through the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis
-R= rammed/crushed for type 5, the physis has been crushed

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12
Q

What is the other name for greenstick fracture?

A

hickory stick fracture

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13
Q

Which fracture is commonly seen in children under the age of 10 years old?

A

greenstick fracture

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14
Q

What fracture has the bone bend applying pressure to the convex side producing a transverse fracture with the concave side remaining intact?

A

greenstick fracture

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15
Q

What fracture is commonly seen with a greenstick fracture?

A

torus fracture (opposite side buckles)

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16
Q

What is this?

A

greenstick fracture on ulna, torus fracture on radius

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17
Q

What is this?

A

torus fracture of radius

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18
Q

What is another name for Jefferson fracture?

A

bursting fracture

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19
Q

What fracture is this?
-fracture through anterior and posterior arches
-lateral masses spread apart
-increased peri-odontoid space
-associated with rupture of transverse ligament

A

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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20
Q

Which fracture is caused by axial loading and results in a burst of C1 ring?

A

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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21
Q

What fracture has this mechanism of injury (MOI)?
-compression force applied to the skull resulting in lateral displacement of the atlas and lateral masses

A

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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22
Q

What fracture has an overhanging margin sign(unilateral or bilateral) ?

A

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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23
Q

What is this?

A

overhanging margin sign bilaterally so Jefferson/bursting fracture

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24
Q

What is this?

A

bilateral overhanging margin sign and increased periodontal space= Jefferson/bursting fracture

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25
Q

What is this?

A

unilateral Jefferson/bursting fracture

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26
Q

What is the most common injury of the cervical spine?

A

hangman’s fracture

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27
Q

What fracture is caused by traumatic spondylothesis?

A

hangman’s fracture

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28
Q

What fracture is a bipedicular fracture of C2?

test q

A

hangman’s fracture

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29
Q

What fracture is associated with an anterior displacement of C2 and C3?

A

hangman’s fracture

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30
Q

What fracture has this MOI?
-usually MVA with abrupt deceleration
-fracture occurs during hyperextension and rotary force

A

hangman’s fracture

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31
Q

A prevertebral hemorrhage is frequently present with what fractures?

A

hangman’s fracture

this increases the retropharyngeal interspace and may compromise the airway

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32
Q

What fracture has an atlas fracture 25% of the time along side?

A

hangman’s fracture

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33
Q

What is this?

A

irregular fracture line in pedicle of C2, which is also slightly anteriorly displaced from C3= hangman’s fracture

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34
Q

What is this?

A

hangman’s fracture

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35
Q

What is this?

A

hangman’s fracture

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36
Q

What is this?

A

hangman’s fracture

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37
Q

What fracture is this?
-an avulsion fracture of a triangular fragment from the anteroinferior corner of the C2 body

A

tear drop fracture

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38
Q

What is the MOI of a tear drop fracture?

A

hyper-extension

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39
Q

A tear drop fracture is commonly seen with what fracture?

A

hangman’s fracture

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40
Q

What is this?

A

tear drop fracture

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41
Q

What type of odontoid fracture is this?
-odontoid tip
-avulsion of tip is uncommon

A

type 1

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42
Q

What type of odontoid fracture is this?
-odontoid base (fracture at the junction of odontoid process and body of C2)

A

type 2

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43
Q

What is the most common odontoid fracture type?

A

type 2

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44
Q

Which odontoid fracture type is the least likely to heal?

A

type 2

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45
Q

What type of odontoid fracture is this?
-odontoid base with extension into the body

46
Q

Which odontoid fracture type heals the best?

47
Q

Which odontoid fracture type is the most stable?

48
Q

_______________ ligament ruptures causes a potential for cord compression. _____________ fracture results in less compression of the spinal cord. Therefore, rupture of this ligament is life threatening

A

Transverse, Odontoid

49
Q

What is this?
-radiolucent gap between dens and body, too large to be a fracture and the margins of the base are smooth (dens fracture margin would be jagged and a bone scan would be positive with a fracture, also associated with dens tilting)
-a developmental failure of the dens to unite with the body of the odontoid
-appears different than an acute fracture

A

os odontoideum

(basically cartilage remains and does not fully ossify)

50
Q

What is the most common fracture of the lumbar spine?

test q

A

vertebral body compression fracture

51
Q

What fracture is this?
-sharp, triangular, anterior wedging of superior end plate
-anterior body height 3mm<posterior body height

A

vertebral body compression fracture

52
Q

What are the 3 types of vertebral body compression fractures?

A

wedge, biconcave, and vertebral plana

53
Q

What are the grades of vertebral body compression fractures?

A

0-3
0= normal
3= severe fracture

54
Q

What vertebral body compression fracture is this?
-loss of anterior body height
-most commonly happens with osteoporosis

A

wedge fracture

55
Q

What vertebral body compression fracture is this?
-looks like a fish
-vertebral body caves inward
-most commonly happens with osteomalacia

A

biconcave fracture

56
Q

What vertebral body compression fracture is this?
-loss of anterior and posterior body height
-worst type of vertebral body fracture
-happens with pathologies like cancer
-if its severe stages then it’ll look like a flat pancake

A

vertebral plana fracture

57
Q

What is this?

A

wedge fracture

58
Q

What is this?

A

biconcave fracture

59
Q

What is this?

A

wedge fracture

60
Q

What is a step defect?

A

-seen on lateral view
-represents failure of the anterior superior cortex of the vertebral body
-as the superior endplate gets compressed and shifts forward, the anterior cortex fails and creates a step
-this looks like a step like recess in normal 6-8 y/o, BUT a step DEFECT is not normal and is seen in fractures

61
Q

What is the other name for Clay-Shoveler’s fracture?

A

coal miners fracture

62
Q

What is a SP avulsion fracture called?

A

Clay-Shoveler’s fracture/ coal miners fracture

63
Q

Where is a Clay-Shoveler’s fracture/ coal miners fracture usually?

A

C7 (can also be seen at C6 or T1)

64
Q

What fracture would show a double spinous sign on an AP view?

A

Clay-Shoveler’s fracture/ coal miners fracture

65
Q

What is the MOI for a Clay-Shoveler’s fracture/ coal miners fracture?

A

abrupt flexion

66
Q

What is this?

A

Clay-Shoveler’s fracture/ coal miners fracture at C7

67
Q

What is this?

A

double spinous sign= Clay-Shoveler’s fracture/ coal miners fracture

68
Q

What are the other names for bilateral interfacetal dislocation?

A

hopped facets or internal decapitation

69
Q

What is this?
-body of segment is displaced anteriorly
-superior facets are posterior to inferior facets of vertebra above

A

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

70
Q

Where is bilateral interfacetal dislocation most commonly seen?

71
Q

What has this MOI?
-severe hyperflexion injury
-axial compression
-complete disruption of the ligaments and forward displacement of one vertebra over another allows the inferior articular facets of the superior adjacent vertebra to dislocate into the IVF
-PLL, ALL, and disc become disrupted
-allows the superior vertebra to become dislocated by 50% of its body width

A

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

72
Q

What is this?

A

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

73
Q

What fracture has a naked facet sign?

A

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

74
Q

What is this?

A

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

75
Q

What fracture has a bowtie sign?

A

unilateral facet dislocation

76
Q

What is this?

A

unilateral facet dislocation

77
Q

What is another name for chance fracture?

A

lap seatbelt fracture

78
Q

What fracture is this?
-transverse fracture through pedicles, pars, lamina, and SP
-superior angulation of superior portion of fractured vertebra

A

chance fracture

79
Q

What is this?

A

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

80
Q

What fracture has this MOI?
-MVA with seatbelt acting as a fulcrum
-hyperflexion over fulcrum

A

chance fracture

81
Q

What fracture has an empty vertebra sign?

A

chance fracture

82
Q

What is this?

A

empty vertebra sign= chance fracture

83
Q

What is the 2nd most common fracture of the lumbar spine?

A

TP fracture

84
Q

What fracture has this MOI?
-hyperextension with contralateral lateral flexion

A

TP fracture

85
Q

Which fracture is an avulsion of paraspinal muscles?

A

TP fracture

86
Q

What is this?

A

TP fracture

87
Q

What is this?

A

TP fracture

88
Q

What is this?

A

TP fracture

89
Q

What are the 2 types of proximal femur fractures?

A

intracapsular and extracapsular

90
Q

What are the 3 intracapsular proximal femur fractures?

A

1) subcapital
2) midcervical
3) basicervical

91
Q

What is the most common proximal femur fracture?

A

subcapital

92
Q

What are the 3 extracapsular proximal femur fractures?

A

1) intertrochanteric
2) trochanteric
3) subtrochanteric

93
Q

What are the 2 types of presentations for a subcapital fracture?

A

angular or impaction

94
Q

A sail sign/fat pad sign is most common with what fracture?

A

radial head fracture for adults

supracondylar fracture in kids

95
Q

When is a sail sign/fat pad sign seen?

A

during inflammation/swelling for a radial head fracture

96
Q

What is this?

A

sail sign/fat pad sign of radius

97
Q

What is this?

A

radial head fracture

98
Q

What are the 2 types of wrist fractures?

A

colle’s fracture and smith’s fracture

99
Q

What is the most common wrist fracture?

A

colle’s fracture

99
Q

What fracture is a fracture of the distal radius with posterior angulation of the distal fragment (displaced to posterior) and is associated with a fall on an outstretched hand?

A

colle’s fracture

100
Q

What fracture has a dinner fork deformity?

A

colle’s fracture

101
Q

What is this?

A

colle’s fracture

102
Q

What fracture is a fracture of the distal radius with anterior/ventral angulation of the distal fragment and is associated with a direct blow to the wrist in hyperflexion?

A

smith’s fracture

103
Q

What fracture is known as a reversed colle’s fracture?

A

smith’s fracture

104
Q

What is this?

A

smith’s fracture

105
Q

What is this?

A

nightstick fracture

106
Q

What fracture is a fracture of the proximal ulna associated with anterior displacement of the proximal radius joint (radioulnar)?

A

monteggia fracture

107
Q

What is this?

test q

A

monteggia fracture

108
Q

What fracture is known as a reversed monteggia fracture?

A

galeazzi fracture

109
Q

What fracture is a fracture of the middle to distal 1/3 of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint?

A

galeazzi fracture

110
Q

What is this?

test q

A

galeazzi fracture

111
Q

What has this MOI?
-deceleration hyperflexion/extension movement of the head

Hard Tissue Pathology (14 decks)

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