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Hard Tissue Pathology > Bone Structures, Development, and Hormonal Influences (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Bone Structures, Development, and Hormonal Influences (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal maturation is assessed by the closure of the….

A

iliac crest epiphyses (this is known as Rissers sign) and the vertebral body epiphyses

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2
Q

Rissers sign (iliac epiphysis sign) is when the….

A

-apophysis reaches its ultimate medial migration
-at this point, vertebral growth may be complete

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3
Q

Where does the iliac epiphysis first appear?

A

ASIS and then gradually progresses posteromedially

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4
Q

What is the grade scale of Rissers sign?

A

-1 to 5
-closes P->A
-grade 5 means the patient has completed spinal maturation

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5
Q

What are the 8 parts that make up bone structure?

A

1) epiphysis
2) physis
3) metaphysis
4) diaphysis
5) cortex
6) medulla
7) periosteum
8) endosteum

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6
Q

What is the most metabolically active part of bone?

A

metaphysis

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7
Q

Which part of the bone is located at the end of a growing bone/above growth plate?

A

epiphysis

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8
Q

What is the function of epiphysis?

A

produce and support articular cartilage that its in contact with

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9
Q

What are some pathologies that would be seen on epiphysis?

A

-dysplasia (abnormal development)
-ischemia (lack of blood supply)
-arthritic deformation
-special neoplasms (chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor)

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10
Q

Which part of the bone is cartilage growth plate between epiphysis and metaphysis?

A

physis

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11
Q

What are the other names for physis?

A

-epiphyseal plate
-growth plate
-bone growth center

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12
Q

What is the function of physis?

A

-enchondral growth (longitudinal growth)
-periosteum for bone width (intramembranous)

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13
Q

What may increase or decrease physis growth?

A

hormones or vascular problems

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14
Q

What part of bone is the most prone to tumors and infections?

A

metaphysis (bc its the most metabolically active part)

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15
Q

Which part of bone is between both metaphyses?

A

diaphysis

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16
Q

What is the longest part of bone?

A

diaphysis (aka shaft)

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17
Q

Which part of bone has thickened cortex and decreased medullary space?

A

diaphysis

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18
Q

What is the main function of diaphysis?

A

mechanical strength

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19
Q

Which part of bone contains bone marrow?

A

diaphysis and medulla

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20
Q

What are some pathologies that can be seen in the diaphysis?

A

-multiple myeloma
-ering’s sarcoma
-non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
-infections

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21
Q

What is the densest and strongest part of all bones?

A

cortex

22
Q

Which part of bone is this?
-constructed of densely packed compact bone with osteons and interconnected by Haversian Canal system
-surrounded by periosteum
-lined with endosteum
-thickness and integrity is a strong radiological indicator of bone tumors or infections

A

cortex

23
Q

What is the internal cavity of bone called?

A

medulla

24
Q

Red marrow is found in the medulla of bones within children. Where is red marrow found within adults?

A

medulla of epiphysis and metaphysis of bones in the axial skeleton

25
Q

T/F: periosteum is normally seen in xrays

A

FALSE, if seen in xray then theres some pathology

26
Q

Periosteum is a thin tissue membrane located around the _____________________

A

diaphysis and metaphysis (none is found around epiphysis)

27
Q

Periosteum attaches itself to tendons and ligaments to bones by what?

A

Sharpey fibers

28
Q

What are the outer and inner layer of periosteum for?

A

outer layer is for attachments

inner layer is metabolically active, so there is osteoblastic and osteoclastic potential

29
Q

What is an important indicator of bone disease?

A

periosteum seen on xray

30
Q

Which part of bone covers the inner cortical margins and has osteoblastic and osteoclastic properties?

A

endosteum

31
Q

Bones need to have a balance between endosteum and periosteum to maintain…

A

proper cortical thickness

32
Q

What shape is the vertebral body from age 0-1?

A

oval/ovoid

33
Q

vertebral body height is equal to disc height at what age?

A

0-1

34
Q

What shape is the vertebral body from ages 2-5?

A

rectangular

35
Q

Vertebral body height is > disc height at what age?

A

2+

36
Q

What shape is the vertebral body from ages 6-8?

A

step like recesses

37
Q

What hormones can affect bone development?

A

1) parathormone/parathyroid hormone/PTH
2) calcitonin
3) estrogen
4) androgen
5) growth hormone
6) glucocorticoids

38
Q

The primary function of this hormone is to maintain a proper level of calcium in the blood by mobilization of calcium?

A

parathormone/PTH/parathyroid hormone

39
Q

Which hormone is this?
-inhibition of phosphate resorption in the renal tubular level, leaving an excess of calcium in the circulation
-promotion of absorption of calcium and phosphorus at the intestinal mucosa level
-direct stimulation of osteoclasts in bones to mobilize calcium

A

parathormone/PTH/parathyroid hormone

40
Q

Which hormone increases serum calcium by promoting bone, kidney, and gut reabsorption of calcium?

A

parathormone/PTH/parathyroid hormone

41
Q

Which hormone is secreted in response to hypercalcemia and its function to decrease serum calcium levels?

A

calcitonin

42
Q

Which hormone is the antagonist of PTH?

A

calcitonin

43
Q

Which hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin?

A

PTH

44
Q

Which hormone actively decreases serum calcium levels?

A

calcitonin

45
Q

Which hormone stimulates bone growth and closely controls longitudinal growth and maturity?

A

estrogen and androgen

46
Q

What is the male counterpart of estrogen?

A

androgen

47
Q

If theres an absence of growth hormone during childhood then=

A

dwarfism

48
Q

If theres an excess of growth hormone during childhood then=

A

giantism

49
Q

If theres an excess of growth hormone in adults=

A

acromegaly (affects skull, mandible, and subperiosteum in long bones)

50
Q

What is the most important hormone to effect bones?

A

glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)

51
Q

Which hormone encourages osteoclasts and has a potential to produce diabetes?

A

glucocorticoids

Hard Tissue Pathology (7 decks)

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