Fractures + Dislocations + Subluxations + Atrophy Flashcards
define ‘fracture’
a break in the continuity of a bone.
what are 3 classification areas for fractures?
nature of the #
location of # on bone
angle of the #’d end
define ‘incomplete fracture’
When bone is bent or cracked and the periosteum remains INTACT
name 6 COMPLETE fracture types:
transverse oblique spiral comminuted avulsion osteochondral
what takes longer to heal, transverse or oblique/spiral #?
transverse (stays in place better than an oblique/spiral # after reduction)
a comminuted fracture is often unstable because…
2+ fragments make healing difficult
osteochondral fractures occur when…
fragment of articular cartilage are shear from the joint surface, often during a dislocation or sprain
name 4 INCOMPLETE fracture types:
compression
greenstick
perforation
stress
what demographic are green stick # most common in?
children 10 years or younger (bone is bent or partially broken)
what are 7 associate soft tissues injured in relation to incomplete fractures?
lig tendons mm fascia nerves bv's skin
an incomplete fracture may also have, what 4 things, at the fracture site?
contusions
sprains
strains
dislocations
a Colles’ fracture of the wrist is…
transverse fracture of the radius just PROXIMAL to the wrist
a Colles’ fracture allows the fragments of the fracture to…
rotate and disperse dorsally
“dinner fork” deformity is associated with what type of fracture?
Colles’ of the wrist
What fracture is most common in older people?
Colles’ of the wrist -caused by a FOOSH (casting around4-6 weeks)
with a Colles’ fracture what are two complications?
mal-union
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (aka old term = Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)
describe ‘Complex Regional Pain Syndrome’
a rare disorder of the SNS that is characterized by chronic, severe pain. previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy
what are the ‘magic words’ of this lecture for fracture healing?
unionized
consolidated
Galeazzi fracture involves a break of the ____ and a_____ and a ____ nerve lesion, may also occur
radial shaft
dislocation of the inferior radioulnar joint
ulnar n.
Galeazzi fracture occurs from a fall on the hand with…
some rotational component (casting ~ 6 weeks)
a Pott’s Ankle fracture occurs when _____ breaks close to the ____
distal fibula
lateral maleolus
the _____ ligament may also rupture or avulse the medial maleoli in a Pott’s Ankle Fracture.
deltoid
Dupuytren’s fracture occurs when what 3 displacements of what bones happen?
- the fibula fractures higher up
- medial malleoli avulses
- talus is pushed superiorly between tib and fib.
the MOI for a Dupuytren’s fracture, usually is…
Eversion with some ER (screws/wires for stabilizing - cast for 6-12 weeks)
5 common sites of stress fractures include….
tibia MT's navicular femur pelvis
the cause of stress fractures involves….
trauma or sudden force which creates more stress than the bone can absorb
direct force can result in what 2 types of fractures…
transverse (via a blow)
comminuted (crushing injury)
indirect force can result in what 2 types of fractures…
spiral (via torquing or twisting force)
stress (via overuse/repeated wear)
4 pathologies that can cause brittleness or weakening of bones include…
osteoporosis, tumors, local infections or bone cysts
how many stages of healing are there with fractures?
5
what are two features of a fracture that can impact the physiological process of healing?
type of bone
amount of movement the occurs at # site
during the first stage of # healing what 3 things will occur?
- hematoma formation within 72 hours
- fibrin forms a mesh
- end of bone die back several millimeter
briefly describe the key event of each stage of fracture healing:
1: hematoma forms with 72 hours
2: proliferation of osteoblasts at periosteum create fibrocartilaginous bridge between fragment ends
3: union occurs around week 4; osteoblasts form soft callus while osteoclasts clean up dead bone debris
4: immature woven bone is changed into lamellar bone - which is mechanically sound - consolidation is a complete repair because the callus is now ossified
5: remodelling of irregular outer surface - Wolff’s law
