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GENERAL ORTHO > Fractures + Dislocations + Subluxations + Atrophy > Flashcards

Fractures + Dislocations + Subluxations + Atrophy Flashcards

1
Q

define ‘fracture’

A

a break in the continuity of a bone.

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2
Q

what are 3 classification areas for fractures?

A

nature of the #
location of # on bone
angle of the #’d end

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3
Q

define ‘incomplete fracture’

A

When bone is bent or cracked and the periosteum remains INTACT

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4
Q

name 6 COMPLETE fracture types:

A 
transverse
oblique
spiral
comminuted
avulsion
osteochondral
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5
Q

what takes longer to heal, transverse or oblique/spiral #?

A

transverse (stays in place better than an oblique/spiral # after reduction)

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6
Q

a comminuted fracture is often unstable because…

A

2+ fragments make healing difficult

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7
Q

osteochondral fractures occur when…

A

fragment of articular cartilage are shear from the joint surface, often during a dislocation or sprain

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8
Q

name 4 INCOMPLETE fracture types:

A

compression
greenstick
perforation
stress

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9
Q

what demographic are green stick # most common in?

A

children 10 years or younger (bone is bent or partially broken)

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10
Q

what are 7 associate soft tissues injured in relation to incomplete fractures?

A 
lig
tendons
mm
fascia
nerves
bv's
skin
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11
Q

an incomplete fracture may also have, what 4 things, at the fracture site?

A

contusions
sprains
strains
dislocations

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12
Q

a Colles’ fracture of the wrist is…

A

transverse fracture of the radius just PROXIMAL to the wrist

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13
Q

a Colles’ fracture allows the fragments of the fracture to…

A

rotate and disperse dorsally

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14
Q

“dinner fork” deformity is associated with what type of fracture?

A

Colles’ of the wrist

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15
Q

What fracture is most common in older people?

A

Colles’ of the wrist -caused by a FOOSH (casting around4-6 weeks)

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16
Q

with a Colles’ fracture what are two complications?

A

mal-union

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (aka old term = Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)

17
Q

describe ‘Complex Regional Pain Syndrome’

A

a rare disorder of the SNS that is characterized by chronic, severe pain. previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy

18
Q

what are the ‘magic words’ of this lecture for fracture healing?

A

unionized

consolidated

19
Q

Galeazzi fracture involves a break of the ____ and a_____ and a ____ nerve lesion, may also occur

A

radial shaft
dislocation of the inferior radioulnar joint
ulnar n.

20
Q

Galeazzi fracture occurs from a fall on the hand with…

A

some rotational component (casting ~ 6 weeks)

21
Q

a Pott’s Ankle fracture occurs when _____ breaks close to the ____

A

distal fibula

lateral maleolus

22
Q

the _____ ligament may also rupture or avulse the medial maleoli in a Pott’s Ankle Fracture.

A

deltoid

23
Q

Dupuytren’s fracture occurs when what 3 displacements of what bones happen?

A
  1. the fibula fractures higher up
  2. medial malleoli avulses
  3. talus is pushed superiorly between tib and fib.
24
Q

the MOI for a Dupuytren’s fracture, usually is…

A

Eversion with some ER (screws/wires for stabilizing - cast for 6-12 weeks)

25
Q

5 common sites of stress fractures include….

A 
tibia
MT's
navicular
femur
pelvis
26
Q

the cause of stress fractures involves….

A

trauma or sudden force which creates more stress than the bone can absorb

27
Q

direct force can result in what 2 types of fractures…

A

transverse (via a blow)

comminuted (crushing injury)

28
Q

indirect force can result in what 2 types of fractures…

A

spiral (via torquing or twisting force)

stress (via overuse/repeated wear)

29
Q

4 pathologies that can cause brittleness or weakening of bones include…

A

osteoporosis, tumors, local infections or bone cysts

30
Q

how many stages of healing are there with fractures?

A

5

31
Q

what are two features of a fracture that can impact the physiological process of healing?

A

type of bone

amount of movement the occurs at # site

32
Q

during the first stage of # healing what 3 things will occur?

A
  1. hematoma formation within 72 hours
  2. fibrin forms a mesh
  3. end of bone die back several millimeter
33
Q

briefly describe the key event of each stage of fracture healing:

A

1: hematoma forms with 72 hours
2: proliferation of osteoblasts at periosteum create fibrocartilaginous bridge between fragment ends
3: union occurs around week 4; osteoblasts form soft callus while osteoclasts clean up dead bone debris
4: immature woven bone is changed into lamellar bone - which is mechanically sound - consolidation is a complete repair because the callus is now ossified
5: remodelling of irregular outer surface - Wolff’s law

GENERAL ORTHO (9 decks)

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