formulation Flashcards
what does psychiatric diagnosis allow for?
mental health disorders to be conceptualized in the same way as medical diseases
what did Kendell et al (1971) do
showed diagnostic interviews with 8 patients to large groups of psychiatrists in the USA and UK
who showed diagnostic interviews with 8 patients to large groups of psychiatrists in the USA and UK
Kendell et al (1971)
what did Kendell et al (1971) find
were major disagreements for some patients, they also found that American concept of schizophrenia was much broader than the British concept
what did Robert Spitzer 1975 do
successful in using strict, standardised criteria in research on mental illness
what did Robert Spitzer 1975 achieve
researchers reached agreement on diagnosis
what did Robert Spitzer go on to do
develop DSM-3
what did Klerman (1978) do
developed a manifesto stating that there should be a focus on the biological aspect of mental illness
who developed a manifesto stating that there should be a focus on the biological aspect of mental illness
Klerman (1978)
who developed DSM-3
Robert spitzer
when was DSM-5 published
2013
problems with psychiatric diagnosis
it is not reliable, not valid and not all psychiatrists agree on the same diagnosis for the same patient
what did Freedman et al. (2013) do
looked at DSM-5 field trails
what did Freedman et al. (2013) find?
no disorder had a good Kappa value and only 3 had an acceptable Kappa value suggesting there is a lack of reliability
problem with freedman et al 2013
they used open interviews rather than structured
what did Fried and Nesse (2015) do
looked at symptom profiles of 3703 MMD patients
what did Fried and Nesse (2015) find
1030 unique symptom profiles
what did Hieronymous et al. (2016) do
looked at effects of SSRI’s on symptoms
what did Hieronymous et al. (2016) find
only an effect on low mood
what did Hieronymous et al. (2016) finding suggest
MDD may not be a single disorder
what did Howe et al. (2014) do
interviewed 7 schizophrenic patients on views of diagnosis
what did Howe et al. (2014) find
they all found it unpleasant and stigmatizing.
what is formulation approach
works towards a psychological explanation of a patients problem and works towards a treatment
an example of the formulation approach
wells 2006- using cognitive models to formulate for panic and filling this in based on each patient and developing a specific treatment plan
what did Johnstone (2013) propose
in contrast to psychiatric diagnosis the formulation-based approach, creates meaning, promotes agency, includes social context, normalizes the illness and includes strengths
problem with Johnstone 2013
it is hard to evaluate these claims
what did Flinn et al 2015 do
investigated the reliability of the formulation-based approach using a systematic review of 18 studies
what did Flinn et al 2015 find
formulations are not terribly reliable
what did Mumma 2011 report
few studies have tested or evaluated the validity of formulation or have proposed methods to do so
what does Johnstone 2018 argue?
we shouldn’t try to validate formulations.
what can not be said?
that a formulation-based approach is more valid than an approach based on psychiatric diagnosis
what did Pain et al. (2008) do
interviewed 13 psychosis patients about their experiences with formulation
what did Pain et al. (2008) find
whilst some expressed positive emotions about formulation, the same amount experienced negative emotions and found it hard to process
what did berry et al 2009 do
looked at if formulations improved staff attitude towards service users and problems
what did berry et al 2009 find
formulation seemed to help attitude
problems with berry et al 2009
no control group
