Formative 2

Question 1

Does the olfactory nerve have afferent or efferent components

Answer 1

Afferent

Question 2

If the olfactory nerve is damaged, it will result in anosmia on which side

Answer 2

Ipsilateral side

Question 3

Where does CN I enter the cranial cavity

Answer 3

Enters via small holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 4

CN I is commonly damaged in fractures to what?

Answer 4

Anterior cranial fossa

Question 5

How is the optic nerve tested in an unconscious patient

Answer 5

By observing pupillary constriction in response to light

Question 6

Where does CN II enter the skull

Answer 6

Via the optic canal

Question 7

Where does the left and right branch of the optic nerve first join

Answer 7

Optic chiasm

Question 8

What type of fibres does CN III carry and where to

Answer 8

Parasympathetic fibres from edigner-Westphal n in tegmentum to ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillary muscle

Question 9

Damage to the oculomotor nerve will lead to ptosis (dropping) of the eyelid on which side

Answer 9

Opposite side

Question 10

Damage to the abducens nerve will result in inability to…..

Answer 10

Abduct the affected eye

Question 11

A person with trochlear nerve damage will complain of…..

Answer 11

Double vision as they look down eg when walking down the stairs

Question 12

Which CNs pass through the superior orbital fissure and what other structures

Answer 12

3, 4, 6 and 7
Opthalmic vein
Sympathetic fibres

Question 13

Where do the 3 trigeminal nerves pass through the skull

Answer 13

Opthalmic - superior orbital fissure
Maxillary - rotundum
Mandibular - ovale

Question 14

Which nerve carries taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Answer 14

CN7 - facial nerve

Question 15

Which nerve carries taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Answer 15

CN VII - hypoglossal

Question 16

What supplies the submandibular salivary gland

Answer 16

Receives parasympathetic input from CN VII

Question 17

Which CNs pass through the jugular foramen

Answer 17

IX
X vagus
XI accessory

Question 18

Where does CN VII (facial) exit the skull

Answer 18

Internal auditory meatus

Question 19

Where is the nucleus of CN 7 located

Answer 19

Tegmentum

Question 20

CN VII runs a course closely related to….

Answer 20

The middle ear

Question 21

What 2 things is CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear) concerned with

Answer 21

Balance and hearing

Question 22

When CN VIII is diseased, it may cause…..

Answer 22

Rapid eye movements

Question 23

Describe the Weber test

Answer 23

With comp,eye damage of CN VIII, when a tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead the sound is heard best on the opposite side as the damage

Question 24

A tumour of CN VIII may cause paralysis of what due to what

Answer 24

Paralysis of the muscles of facial expression because the facial nerve is compressed

Question 25

Where does CN VIII exit the cranial cavity

Answer 25

Internal auditory meatus

Question 26

Vagus nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to which 3 organs

Answer 26

Heart Lungs Bowel

Question 27

Where does CN X leave the brain

Answer 27

Medulla between pyramid and inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 28

CN X has a motor branch to all pharyngeal muscles except……

Answer 28

Stylopharyngeus which is innervated by CN IX

Question 29

What effect does the vagus nerve have on HR and BP when stimulated

Answer 29

Decreases both

Question 30

What type of fibres does the accessory nerve carry and where to

Answer 30

Purely motor to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Question 31

Which vein does CN XI (accessory) run in close proximity to

Answer 31

Internal jugular vein

Question 32

CN XI exits the cranial cavity via….

Answer 32

The internal jugular foramen alongside the spinal cord

Question 33

Where does CN XII (hypoglossal) leave the cranial cavity

Answer 33

Hypoglossal canal

Question 34

Where are CN XII nerve cell bodies located

Answer 34

Within the medulla

Question 35

Damage to CN XII will cause paralysis of which half of the tongue

Answer 35

Ipsilateral

Question 36

The spinothalamic tract conveys nociceptive info to the……

Answer 36

Contralateral thalamus

Question 37

Where is the spinothalamic tract found

Answer 37

Found in the anterolateral white matter of the spinal cord

Question 38

After they deccusate, the fibres of the spinothalamic tract synapse…

Answer 38

In the thalamus before projecting into the neocortex

Question 39

What is the middle ear filled with

Answer 39

Air

Question 40

What is conductive deafness

Answer 40

Reduction in the mechanical transmission of sound waves to the oval window

Question 41

What modifies the stiffness of the ossicullar chain

Answer 41

Tensor tympani and stapedius

Question 42

Sounwaves enter the cochlea via the….

Answer 42

Oval window

Question 43

How many times does the cochlea coil around the modiolus

Answer 43

2 1/2 - 2 3/4 times

Question 44

What is the organ of corti

Answer 44

Specialised structure which rests on the basilar membrane | Contains auditory sensory cells

Question 45

The scala vestibuli is continuous with the scala tympani via the,….

Answer 45

Helicotrema

Question 46

Which antibiotics can damage the stereocilia of hair cells

Answer 46

Aminoglycoside

Question 47

How many rows of inner vs outer hair cells are there

Answer 47

Can be 4-5 rows of outer hair cells | Only one single row of inner hair cells

Question 48

What is the function of the semi circular canals

Answer 48

Detect rotational acceleration and deceleration

Question 49

What detects the position of the head with respect to gravity and linear acceleration

Answer 49

Otolithic organs - utricle and saccule

Question 50

How many semi circular canals are there and how are they arranged in relation to each other

Answer 50

3 in total | 3 different planes

Question 51

What does damage to the canals of one side result in

Answer 51

A Nystagmus with slow phase towards the damaged side and rapid reset away from it

Question 52

Do the SSC in the left ear affect movement of the left/ right ear

Answer 52

Both eyes

Question 53

What can pouring ice cold water in the external auditory meatus cause

Answer 53

Convection currents in the SSC and nystagmus

Question 54

What are the otolithic organs filled with

Answer 54

Endolymph

Question 55

What are mossy fibres and where are they derived from

Answer 55

Axons | Derived from various brainstem nuclei except inferior olivary nucleus

Question 56

What are the output neurons from the cerebelllar cortex known as

Answer 56

Purkinje which are inhibitory in nature

Question 57

What type of fibres are derived from the inferior olivary nucleus

Answer 57

Climbing fibres

Question 58

Where does the cerebellum principally receive info from

Answer 58

Vestibular system - coordination, posture and balance

Question 59

Do cerebellar lesions have ipsilateral or contralateral effect. Give eg

Answer 59

Ipsilateral | A lesion in the left lobe will result in decomposition of movement on the left hand side of the body

Question 60

Give the 6 cerebellar disease. Hint: DANISH

Answer 60

Dysdiadochokinesis - inability to perform rapid alternating muscle movements Ataxia - gait and posture Nystagmus - eye makes repetitive, uncontrolled movements Intention tremor - involuntary muscle contractions Speech impairment Hypotonia - decreased muscle tone

Question 61

Where are olfaction and gestation represented

Answer 61

Ipsilaterally in areas including the post central gurus and insular cortex

Question 62

Where do afferents from olfactory receptors synapse

Answer 62

Synapse with mitral cells in olfactory bulb before projecting to the primary gustatory cortex

Question 63

How many receptors does a single glomerulus in the olfactory bulb take input from

Answer 63

Many receptors

Question 64

Give the 3 CNs involved in taste sensation and each of their specific roles

Answer 64

``` CN VII (facial) - anterior 2/3 tongue CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - posterior 1/3 tongue CN X (vagus) - epiglottis ```

Question 65

What are the 4 types of papillae and where are they located. Which is not concerned with taste

Answer 65

Fungiform - anterior 2/3 Foliage - edges, posterior 1/3 Circumvallate - rear Filiform - cover most of upper surface. These are not gustatory, they’re mechanical