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Neuroscience > Formative 1 > Flashcards

Formative 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the straight sinus receive venous blood from

A

Inferior Sagitta sinus and the great cerebral vein

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2
Q

Venous blood from the cerebral circulation exits the cranium via….

A

Jugular foramina

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3
Q

Venous blood from the cerebral circulation is returned to the heart via….

A

The Internal jugular veins

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4
Q

Which 2 layers are the brain sinuses formed between

A

Meningeal and periosteal Dural layers

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5
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from

A

Superior ophthalmic vein of the The orbit

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6
Q

Which sinus is cerebrospinal fluid reabsorbed into

A

Superior Sagittal sinus via arachnoid granulations

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7
Q

Which 2 structures does the straight sinus separate

A

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

Where does the left anterior cerebral artery carry blood to

A

Motor cortex of the right leg

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9
Q

Which arteries carry blood to the basal ganglia

A

Lenticulo-striate arteries which are branches of the anterior cerebral artery and MCA

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10
Q

What is the arterial supply of the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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11
Q

Which artery is a direct continuation of the internal carotid artery

A

Middle cerebral artery

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12
Q

Where is a common site for berry aneurysms

A

Circle of Willis

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13
Q

Where is the a) wernickes and b) Broca’s area situated

A

a) temporal lobe

b) left frontal lobe

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14
Q

A stroke affecting the circulation of the occipital lobe may result in…..

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

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15
Q

A stroke affecting the circulation to the temporal lobe may result in

A

Memory problems

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16
Q

Strokes affecting……?…….will result in a contra lateral neurological deficit

A

One side of the motor/sensory cortex

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17
Q

How are muscles of the lower and upper limb represented in the primary motor cortex

A

Lower - medially

Upper - laterally

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18
Q

The primary motor cortex occupies the…l.l

A

Pre central gurus

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19
Q

What supplies the primary motor cortex

A

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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20
Q

What is the primary motor cortex also known as

A

Brodmanns area 4

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21
Q

The corticospinal tract pass between which 2 structures to enter the central peduncle

A

Basal ganglia

Thalamus

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22
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, what produces an abnormal rhythmical output

A

Basal ganglia

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23
Q

What will differ in a same size stroke affecting the motor cortex vs internal capsule

A

Greater neurological deficit for the internal capsule

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24
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract deccusate

A

Medullary pyramids

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25
Q

What type of motor neurons innervate muscles directly

A

Lower motor neurons

26
Q

Where are axons of the UMN mainly located

A

In the lateral white matter of the spinal cord

27
Q

Where are cell bodies of LMN located

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

28
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Motor neuron and all the muscular motor units that it innervates

29
Q

Do LMN leave the spinal cord anteriorly or posteriorly

A

Anteriorly - ventrally

30
Q

Where do UMN originate

A

Motor region of the cerebral cortex or brain stem

31
Q

What do LMN connect

A

The brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibres bringing nerve impulse from UMN

32
Q

What innervates A) extrafusal muscle and B) intramural muscle

A

A) alpha motor neurons ( muscle contraction)

B) gamma motor neurons ( body position, proprioception)

33
Q

The lateral CST carries fibres controlling muscles involved in….

A

Fine muscle control

34
Q

The vestibulospinal tract carries fibres controlling muscle involved in……

A

Balance and posture

35
Q

The anterior CST mainly supplied which side of the body?

A

Side contralateral to the originating brain hemisphere

36
Q

The anterior CST is located……. To the anterior horn of grey matter

A

Antero-medially

37
Q

Which contains more fibres. Lateral CST or anterior CST

A

Lateral

38
Q

Does the vestibulospinal tract consist of crossed or uncrossed fibres

A

Uncrossed

39
Q

The vestibulospinal tract maintains……

A

Balance and head upright

40
Q

How are fibres of the CST arranged

A

Somatotopically organised
Fibres concerned with lower extremity are located laterally
Upper extremity are located more medially

41
Q

What is the rubrispinal tract

A

Crossed system which functions as a less skilled version of the lateral CST

42
Q

The reticulospinal tract originates from cells found in the a)….. and b)…… and may act to faculae or inhibit the activity of various c)…… tracts

A

a) pons
b) medulla
c) descending

43
Q

Where are muscle spindles found

A

Skeletal muscle

44
Q

What are muscle spindles composed of

A

Intrafusal fibres

45
Q

The middle 1/3 of the spindle is associated with what type of sensory nerves

A

Type 1a afferent sensory nerves

46
Q

How does the middle 1/3 of the muscle spindle differ from the 2 ends In terms of contracting

A

Ends are contractile while central portion is non contractile

47
Q

Muscle spindle activity contributes to……?……. Following a stroke

A

The change in muscle resistance to stretch

48
Q

What detects changed in muscle tension

A

Golgi tendon organ

49
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs situated

A

Junction of skeletal muscle and tendon

50
Q

What do afferent impulses form the go,GI tendon organ result in

A

Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons of the muscle fibres associated with the activated Golgi tendon organ to regulate muscle tension at a normal range and also to protect the muscle from the overload

51
Q

How does the speed of afferent fibres differ in muscle spindles vs Golgi tendon organs

A

Faster in muscle spindles

52
Q

Where are small receptive fields found

A

Areas like the fingers where we have the greatest tactile sensitivity

53
Q

What are cutaneous receptors

A

Sensory receptors found in the skin

Part of somatosensory system

54
Q

What’s the difference between phasic and tonic receptors

A

Phasic rapidly adapt

Tonic slowly adapt

55
Q

How are fibres in the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system arranged

A

Topographically

56
Q

The dorsal column carries info regarding…..

A

Touch and proprioception

57
Q

Where does the dorsal column lie

A

In the dorsal/posterior white matter of the spinal cord

58
Q

Where do fibres of the DCML system deccusate

A

As the tract ascends it deccusates in the medulla then the thalamus

59
Q

How long does the refractory period last

A

5-10ms

60
Q

Which comes first….relative or absolute refractory period

A

Absolute

61
Q

In which type of synapse is a synaptic cleft found

A

Only chemical not electrical

62
Q

Where are most neurotransmitters synthesised

A

Cell body

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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