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Neuroscience > Auditory system > Flashcards

Auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound

A

The displacement of air particles following a sinusoids pattern of compression and rarefaction

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2
Q

How would you distinguish between a quiet and loud sound wave diagram

A

Greater displacement from the baseline in loud sounds ( greater amplitude)

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3
Q

What is the pinna formed from (embryology)

A

Pharyngeal arches 1 & 2 ( 6x hillocks of His)

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4
Q

What’s the range of human hearing

A

20Hz - 20 KHz

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5
Q

Give the 4 main components of the auditory system

A

Outer ear - air
Middle ear - air
Inner ear - fluid
Central auditory pathways - electrical

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6
Q

What’s the purpose of the folds in our ears

A

Filter out lower pitch sounds which are less functionally important

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7
Q

What’s the function of the pinna

A

Direct sound waves towards the ear canal

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8
Q

What is the bone and cartilage composition of the ear canal

A

Medial 2/3 is bone and lateral 1/3 is cartilage

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is the tympanic membrane made of

A
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10
Q

Name the top 1/3 and bottom 2/3 of the tympanic membrane and explain the difference

A

Top - pars flaccida
Bottom - pars tensa

Bottom contains endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm but top only has ectoderm and endoderm so the top is much more delicate

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11
Q

What 3 bones (ossicles) does the middle ear contain. Give them in order of size

A

Incus
Malleus
Stapes

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12
Q

What 2 muscles does the middle ear contain

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

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13
Q

Where is the Eustachian tube found

A

Middle ear

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14
Q

How much energy is lost when it is transferred from air to fluid

A

99.9% loss of energy

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15
Q

What is the role of the middle air and how do the ossicles faciliate this

A

Amplification of the airbone sound vibration

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16
Q

How do components of the mid ear facilitate its function

A

Area difference between tympanic membrane and stapes ceates large pressure difference
Ossicles are connected and act together to create a lever mechanism

The amplification gain is 18x or 20-35 dB

17
Q

What’s the role of muscles in the middle ear and how do they carry out this role

A

Protection of the inner ear from acoustic trauma

Reflex arc of 3/4 neurones that stiffen the ossicular chain in the presence of loud sounds

18
Q

How are the stapedius and tensor tympani stimulated

A

Stapedius - stimulated acoustically

TT - voluntary and involuntary control

19
Q

What does the eustachian tube connect

A

Middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

20
Q

Whats the purpose of the E tube

A

Ventilate the middle ear space and drain secretions

21
Q

Where is the vestibulocochlear apparatus found and what innervates it

A

Set of fluid filled sacs encased in bone in the Inner ear

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

22
Q

What is the cochlea responsible for

A

Hearing

23
Q

What is the labyrinth responsible for

A

Balance

24
Q

What are the 3 compartment of the cochlea and which is not connected to the other

A

Scala tympani
Scala media - independent from the others
Scala vestibuli

25
Q

How many turns does the cochlea have

A

2.5 turns

26
Q

Guve the 2 openings on the cochlea

A

Round window

Oval window

27
Q

The cochlea contains ionic fluids. Give their names, locations and compisitions

A

Endolymph - scala media , hight in K+

Perilymph - scala tympani and vestibuli, rich in Na+

28
Q

How are gradients of cochlear fluids maintained

A

Na, K ATPase

Chlorine channels

29
Q

Describe the movement of sound in the cochlea

A

Stapes footplate presses on the oval window which develops a pressure wave within the scala vestibuli
Wave progresses round through the helicotrema and into the scala tympani
The wave then hits the round window

30
Q

Compare the base of the basillar membrane with the apex

A

Base: narrow, stiff and detects high frequencies

Apex: wide, floppy and detects low frequencies

31
Q

Where in the cochlea does fluid energy start moving to electrical energy

A

Organ of corti - sits above basillar membrane and contains hair cells

32
Q

Desribe what occurs when the inner hair cells move

A

Mechanically gated K+ channels opened causing depolarisation (K influx from endolymph)
Depolarisation resukts in opening of voltage gated calcium channels
This results in naurotransmitter release - usually glutamate
Repolarisation occurs through K+ efflux into perilymph

33
Q

What is meant by single nerve fibre response

A

Each nerve responds maximally at a specific frequency

34
Q

Whats the role of outer hair cells in the scala media

A

Alter the stiffness of the basillar membrane to ensure maximal stimulation at one site and dampened response at another site
Increased resolution

35
Q

How are frequency, intensity and amplification encoded

A

Frequency - in nerves by location along the basillar membrane
Intensity - in nerves by numbers responding and firing rate
Amplification - oute hair cells

36
Q

Give the central auditory pathway

A 
Eight CN Vestibulocochlear nerve 
Cochlear nucleus
Olive ( sup,med, inf olivart nucleus ) 
Lateral leminiscus 
Inferior colliculus

ECOLI

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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