Form 1 Flashcards
cardiac tissue conduction velocity
fastest–> slowest
purkinje system, atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, AV node
“Park At Venture Avenue”
bone disease most associated with Paget’s disease of the bone
osteosarcoma- bone tumor
what is globus sensation aka globus hystericus aka globus pharyngeus?
abnormal sensation of foreign body, tightness or fullness in throat
worse when swallowing saliva and maybe alleviated with food or liquid
dopamine agonists used to treat Parkinson’s
bromocriptine (ergot compounds-derived from ergot fungi),
pramipexole and ropinirole (nonergot compounds)
help delay the need to start levodopa
what do you need to test for before prescribing isotretinoin (vitamin A)
negative pregnancy test and two forms of contraception
-terotogenic if you have vitamin A excess
a lot of the drugs that are anticholinesterases (indirect agonists) have in common with their names
end with -tigmine
eg. rivastigmin, neostigmine, physostigmine, and pyridostigmine
organophosphate poisoning leads to
DUMBBELSS
diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, sweating, and salivation
may lead to respiratory failure if untreated
treat with atropine and pralidoxime (regenerates AChE )
auer rods associated with
acute promyelocytic leukemia t(15;17) chromosomal rearrangement
which cytokines is produced exclusively by antigen-stimulated T lymphocytes
IL-2
-stimulate growth and differentiation of T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages
both anterior and posterior dislocations of the knee joint can injure the ____________-
popliteal artery
-
most important risk factor for postpartum endometritis
cesarean delivery–> introduce microbial organism and foreign bodies into the incised uterus
sublimation
mature defense mechanism
channeling impulses into socially acceptable behaviors
mechanism of action of sildenafil (viagra)
phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors increase intracellular concentrations of cGMP in the vascular smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa–> smooth muscle relaxation and subsequent engorgement
rank in order or how long the symptoms have to last to qualify
- brief psychotic disorder: lasting < 1 month
- schizophreniform disorder: lasting 1-6 months
- schizophrenia: lasting >6 months
most common cause of sporadic encephalitis
herpes simplex virus type 1
temporal lobe is the main region affected
present with fever, headache, seizures, altered level of consciousness, and symptoms of temporal lobe dysfunction
myasthenia gravis is commonly associated with
thymoma and thymic hyperplasia
what is the Knudson “2-hit” hypothesis
both copies of the gene must be knocked out in order to promote malignancy
sporadic cancer- 2 acquired mutations
hereditary cancer= 1 inherited and 1 acquired mutation
example: retinoblastoma
associated with loss of heterozygosity
define loss of heterozygosity
if person inherits or develops a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene, the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops (not true of oncogenes)
why is DiGeorge syndrome associated with recurrent viral/fungal infections?
absent or hypoplastic thymus–> T-cell deficiency
complication of surgical resection of pheochromocytoma
intraoperative hypertiensive crisis
why use alpha adrenergic blocker before beta blockers in surgical resection of pheochromocytoma to prevent intraoperative hypertensive crisis
alpha prevents peripheral vasoconstriction
beta alone will cause severe vasoconstriction and lead to hypertensive crisis
premature or low birth weight infants are at high risk of intraventricular hemorrhage due to
germinal matrix fragility
germinal matrix: dense cellular and vascular layer of the subependymal zone of brain where neurons and glial cells develop in utero–> disappears by term but don’t if the baby is premature
side effect of cisplatin (chemotherapeutic agent)
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, peripheral neuropathy
prevent nephrotoxicity with amifostine and chlorine diuresis
side effects of aiodarone
interstitial pneumonitis, arrhythmias, hepatic injury, thyroid abnormalities, and bluish-gray skin discoloration
