Ear, Nose and Throat

Question 1

what is cholesteatoma

Answer 1

collections of squamous cell debris that form a round, pearly mass behind the tympanic membrane in the middle ear

can be congenital or acquired primary lesion or secondary to infection, trauma, or surgery of the middle ear

cause painless otorrhea (ear drainage)–> conductive hearing loss due to erosion of the auditory ossicles

Question 2

how does retinoblastoma presents?

Answer 2

white pupillary reflex (leukocoria) in children <5 yo

Question 3

hypertensive retinal hemorrhage typically causes

Answer 3

painless, unilateral visual disturbances, ranging from mild obscuration without loss of visual acuity to permanent blindness

Question 4

injure _______ nerve when you ligate inferior thyroid artery

injure ________ nerve when you ligate superior laryngeal artery

Answer 4

recurrent laryngeal nerve; superior laryngeal nerve

Question 5

why is epistaxis commonly located at the anterior nasal septum?

Answer 5

anterior nasal septum contains Kiesselbach plexus (watershed area fo the nasal septum)

Question 6

what is Meniere disease

Answer 6

disorder of the inner ear characterized by increased volume and pressure of endolymph (endolymphatic hydrops) that is thought to be due to defect resorption of endolymph

Question 7

symptoms of Meniere disease

Answer 7

• low-frequency tinnitus in affected ear (with feeling of fullness)
• vertigo
• sensorineural hearing loss

Question 8

define glaucoma

Answer 8

optic neuropathy characterized by atrophy of the optic nerve head

loss of peripheral vision

associated with elevated intraocular pressure (from the aqueous humor produced by epithelial cells of ciliary body

Question 9

what would you see on the retina of cytomegalovirus-induced retinitis

Answer 9

inflammatory vascular sheathing and associated hemorrhage

Question 10

noise-induced hearing loss results from trauma to

Answer 10

stereociliated hair cells of the organ of Corti

high-frequency hearing is lost first

Question 11

how does central retinal artery occlusion presents

Answer 11

sudden, painless, and permanent monocular blindness

funduscopic exam show pale retina and a “cherry-red” macula

Question 12

conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 12

conductive: bone conduction> air conduction (abnormal Rinne test), and Weber test will lateralize to the affected ear
sensorineural: air conduction> bone conduction (normal Rinne test) and Weber test lateralize to unaffected ear