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Orthopaedics (equine) > Forelimb anatomy (Yr 1) > Flashcards

Forelimb anatomy (Yr 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the weight bearing digit of horses?

A

3rd

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2
Q

what is the function biceps brachii?

A

extends shoulder and flexes elbow

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3
Q

what part of the stay apparatus connects to the biceps brachii?

A

lacertus fibrosis

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4
Q

what is the lacertus fibrosis?

A

fibrous extension of the biceps brachii that inserts onto the proximal third metacarpal

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5
Q

what are the carpal bones present in horses?

A

radius, intermediate, ulna, accessory
2, 3, 4 (3rd is largest)

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6
Q

what joint of the carpus has the most movement?

A

antebrachial-carpal joint

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7
Q

what joint of the carpus has the least movement?

A

carpometacarpal joint

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8
Q

what structures support the carpus?

A

collateral ligaments
palmar fibrocartilagenous plate (check ligament origin)

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9
Q

what forms the carpal canal?

A

palmar fibrocartilagenous plate
palmar retinaculum
accessory carpal bone

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10
Q

what passes through the carpal canal?

A

deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)
superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)

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11
Q

what does the tendon sheath cover?

A

deep digital flexor tendon
superficial digital flexor tendon

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12
Q

what is the third metacarpal bone known as?

A

cannon bone

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13
Q

what are the second and fourth metacarpal bones known as?

A

splint bones

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14
Q

what is the palpable section at the bottom of the splint bones known as?

A

button

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15
Q

what connects the cannon bone to the splint bones?

A

fibrous joint that mineralises with age

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16
Q

what is the proximal phalanx known as?

A

long pastern bone

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17
Q

what is the middle phalanx known as?

A

short pastern

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18
Q

what is the distal phalanx also known as?

A

pedal or coffin bone

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19
Q

what tendon attaches to the coffin bone?

A

common digital extensor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon

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20
Q

why is the dorsal surface of the coffin bone striated?

A

due to blood vessels and hoof attachment

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21
Q

how many centres of ossification do the metacarpal bones have?

A

third (cannon) has 2
second/fourth (splints) have 2

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22
Q

how many centres of ossification do the phalanges have?

A

proximal - 2
middle - 2
distal - 1

23
Q

what is the distal sesamoid called?

24
Q

where is the navicular bone located?

A

palmar aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint

25
Q

what tendon runs over the navicular bone?

A

deep digital flexor tendon

26
Q

what is the metacarpophalangeal joint known as?

27
Q

what bones form the fetlock joint?

A

third metacarpal and proximal phalanx

28
Q

what features limit the metacarpophalangeal joint to just flexion and extension?

A

saggital ridge on third metacarpal along with the groove on the proximal phalanx

29
Q

where is the suspensory ligament found?

A

runs from the palmar third metacarpal between the splint bones and then attaches to the common digital extensor tendon

30
Q

what are the structures that support the carpal joint?

A

intersesamoidean ligaments
collateral sesamoidean ligaments

31
Q

what are the four sesamoidean ligaments supporting the carpus?

A

cruciate
short
oblique
straight

32
Q

what is the proximal interphalageal joint known as?

A

pastern joint

33
Q

what is the distal interphalageal joint known as?

A

coffin joint

34
Q

what structures coordinate movement of the distal interphalangeal joint?

A

common digital extensor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon

35
Q

what ligaments attach to the navicular bone?

A

collateral (to proximal phalanx)
impar (to distal phalanx)

36
Q

what separates the distal interphalangeal joint from the navicular bursa?

A

impar ligament

37
Q

what is the mineralization of the medial/lateral cartilages of the distal phalanx called?

38
Q

what are the extensor tendons of the forelimb?

A

common digital extensor (joint by suspensory ligaments)
lateral digital extensor

39
Q

what are the flexor tendons of the forelimb?

A

superficial digital flexor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon

40
Q

what ligament attaches to the deep and superficial digital flexor tendons?

A

accessory check ligament

41
Q

what does the superficial digital flexor tendon insert onto?

A

middle phalanx

42
Q

what are the layers starting with skin of the dorsal metacarpal region?

A

skin
superficial digital flexor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon
accessory check ligament
suspensory ligament

43
Q

what is the function of the annular ligaments?

A

hold deep and superficial digital flexor tendons against the bone

44
Q

what are the two main branches of the median and ulnar nerves (they combine distal to carpus)?

A

palmar metacarpal nerves (supply dorsal aspect of the digit)
palmar nerves (becomes palmar digital nerve)

45
Q

what are the anatomical aspects of the solar surface of the hoof?

A

frog (rubbery wedge between the bars)
bars of heel
sole (shouldn’t contact ground)
white line
walls (weight bearing)
central and collateral sulcus

46
Q

what is the periople?

A

surrounds the coronary region providing a waterproof layer

47
Q

what is the function of the digital cushion?

A

provide shock absorption and protection to DDFT, distal phalanx, navicular bursa and navicular bone

48
Q

what ere the functions of the lateral cartilages of the hoof (distal phalanx)?

A

shock absorption

49
Q

what is the function of the coronary band?

A

produce epidermis in the form of keratin tubes that extend distally

50
Q

what is the weight bearing surface in horses?

51
Q

what is the dermis of the hoof made from?

A

vertical ridges (laminae) that attach to the distal phalanx

52
Q

how does a horse weight bear?

A

frog contacts ground first and passes forces into digital cushion and lateral cartilages
hoof wall then contacts the floor and transfers weight via laminae to the distal phalanx

Orthopaedics (equine) (18 decks)

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