Developmental disease (Yr 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the precursor to bone in utero?

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are the two sites of endochrondral ossification?

A

metaphyseal growth plate
articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the main areas of longitudinal bone growth?

A

metaphyseal (growth plates)
epiphyseal (articular epiphyseal cartilage complex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do cuboidal bones grow?

A

epiphyseal articular cartilage complex (don’t have a secondary centre of ossification/growth plate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what anatomical sections are there at the growth plate?

A

resting cartilage
proliferative cartilage (when they divide)
hypertrophic cartilage (cells get bigger)
calcifying cartilage (cells die and get calcified)
secondary spongiosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is blood supply needed for endochondral ossification?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when may endochondral ossification malfunction at the physical growth plate?

A

abnormal deposition of the matrix
abnormal mineralisation
poor conversion to bone
retention of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the results of malfunction in the process of endochondral ossification at the physical growth plates?

A

slow or uneven growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the results of malfunction in the process of endochondral ossification at the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex?

A

slow or uneven growth
cartilage flaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the affects of abnormal endochondral ossification?

A

affects the…
rate of growth
direction of growth
health of articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is chondrodysplasia?

A

abnormal endochondral ossification leading to stunted growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is osteochondrosis?

A

broad term describing abnormalities associated with the cartilages found in joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is osteochondritis?

A

inflammation associated with osteochondrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is osteochondritis dissecans?

A

clinical manifestation of abnormal endochondral ossification leads to cartilaginous or osteochondral flaps/defects within the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some abnormalities that can lead to OCD?

A

disruption of blood supply
abnormal chondrocyte maturation
defective matric production
persistence of hypertrophic chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do the abnormalities in development during OCD lead to?

A

thickened retained hypertrophic cartilage
disruption of the subchondral bone plate

17
Q

how does disrupted blood supply lead to OCD?

A

affects the mineralisation of subchondral bone which then alters the biochemical/biomechanical properties of cartilage and subchondral bone that then affects its ability to adapt and withstand forces

18
Q

what are the sequelae to the cartilage and subchondral bone of OCD cases to not be able to withstand forces?

A

inability to withstand forces/weight bearing
separation at osteochondral junction
cartilage flaps/fragments form
subchondral bone becomes exposed leading to inflammation

19
Q

what are the clinical signs of OCD?

A

effusions
fragments on radiographs
arthritis and lameness

20
Q

what can predispose animals to OCD?

A

rapid growth
genetic predisposition
nutrition (excess energy/protein, calcium/phosphorous imbalances)
trauma

21
Q

when is surgical management of OCD carried out in horses?

A

only after 12 months of age, some can resolve themselves as the horse grows

22
Q

what can untreated osteochondrosis dissecans lead to?

A

osteoarthritis

23
Q

what is the difference between osteochrondrosis dissecans and osteochondritis dissecans?

A

no clinically relevant difference (treat them as the same thing)

24
Q

what radiographic abnormalities can be seen with OCD?

A

irregular subchondral bone
osseous densities (mineralised cartilage, osteochondral fragments)

25
Q

what are the developmental orthopaedic diseases of horses?

A

osteochondrosis (OCD, subchondral bone cysts)
physitis
angular limb deformities
flexural deformities

26
Q

what are the developmental orthopaedic diseases of dogs?

A

osteochondrosis (uninvited anconeal process, fragmented medial coronoid process)
hypertrophic osteodystrophy
legg calve perthes
hip dysplasia

27
Q

what are the developmental orthopaedic diseases of cows?

A

oestochondrosis
flexural deformities

28
Q

what is the aetiology of subchondral cyst-like lesions?

A

abnormal endochondral ossification leading to retention of a cartilage core and collapse of the cartilage under pressure from synovial fluid

29
Q

what is physitis?

A

enlargement of the physis caused by inflammation and disrupted endochondral ossification

30
Q

what are the clinical signs of physitis?

A

lameness and stiff gait

31
Q

how is physitis treated?

A

self-limiting (just supportive therapy)

32
Q

what plane is an angular limb deformity in?

A

frontal

33
Q

what is valgus and varus?

A

valgus - lateral deviation
varus - medial deviation

34
Q

what are the sites angular limb deformities are most commonly seen at?

A

metaphyseal growth plate
epiphysis
cuboidal bones (carpus, tarsus)
metaphysis

35
Q
A