Foot Anantomy Flashcards

1
Q

The First Ray

A

first metatarsal and first cuneiform bones. Pronation of the subtalar joint lowers the first ray to the ground in early stanceand dissipates the shock of heel impact.

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2
Q

Second Ray

A

2nd metatarsal and 2nd cuneiform etc.

Fifth ray: just the 5th metarsal

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3
Q

First rocker:

A

calcaneus

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4
Q

Second rocker:

A

Talus: Dome creates the lower part of our second rocker

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5
Q

Third rocker:

A

Metatarsophalangeal joint

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6
Q

Midfoot:

A

Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms

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7
Q

Pronation

A

DF, abduction, eversion

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8
Q

Supination:

A

PF, adduction, inversion

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9
Q

ER of normal foot:

A

7 degrees

see two toes

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10
Q

Compensated foot-

A

refers to a change in the structural alignment or position of one part of the foot to neutralize the effect of a structural problem in another part of the foot

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11
Q

Uncompensated

A

Uncompensated doesn’t tell you it the foot is normal or abnormal. It just is tell you that is isn’t changing its static position to deal

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12
Q

Relaxed calcaneal stance

A

The medial and lateral metatarsals are on ground
The lower extremity is vertical to floor (4deg)
The heel should be slightly twisted in (varus or inverted by 4 degrees)

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13
Q

Compensated Rearfoot Varus

A

The Subtalar joint possesses an adequate amount of pronation and the medial calcaneus is in contact with the ground.
Medial Translation (Shift)of the talus and lateral shift of the calcaneus
Increased rotation of the tibia
Flattening of arch – if mobile arch

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14
Q

Gait with compensated rearfoot varus:

A

Prolonged eversion of rear foot and flattening of arch
Heel whips to re-orient the foot
knees into valgum
Pelvis may anteriorly rotate

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15
Q

Some common conditions with compensated rearfoot varus

A
Subtalar joint arthritis
Achilles tendinopathy
Posterior tibial tendinopathy
Medial tibial stress syndrome
Knee pain with rotation of tibia
Hip pain with rotation of femur
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16
Q

Shoes that might help/ Compensated RF Varus

A

Stability shoes with an insert
Need heel counter
Need torsional rigidity
Need excellent match of arch of foot/shoe
Need depth for insert
Need to address forefoot problems which may arise

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17
Q

Uncompensated rear foot varus

A
Calcaneus in varus
Tibia in ER
High arch
Toe in contact w/ ground (PF 1st ray)
Pressure on outer border of foot
Often associated with wider foot typing
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18
Q

Gait with Uncompensated Rearfoot varus

A

High rigid arch through gait (compensated it was flattened)
Pressure on lateral border of foot
May have heel whip to compensate for out toe
The heel drives in and pulls out at an angle and there may be a pump bump

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19
Q

Conditions with uncompensated rearfoot varus

A
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome: Shin Splints 
Metatarsalgia
Cuboid syndrome
Stress fractures
Lateral ankle sprains
Knee pain
20
Q

Large Uncompensated Rearfoot Varus

High Arched Foot (valgus forefoot)

A

Supinated Foot
Pes Cavovarus
The medial condyle of the calcaneus cannot be lowered to the ground.
May be associated with the forefoot being dropped into equinus so toe is like a door stop

21
Q

Gait with Pes Cavus

A

Walks like on a tight rope
Heel in varus but first ray and rest of foot in valgus to compensate
Forefoot is also in equinus
Very intoed gait with big toe that when viewed from behind the patient appears during stance then disappears (peak a boo)

22
Q

Shoes for Pes Cavo Varus

A

Neutral shoes may not have enough support as these feet need a high arch
Do need cushion but not at the risk of loosing heel
Torsionally stable shoe
Good heel counter
Cushion
STABILITY with cushion
DEPTH/WIDTH!!!!!!

23
Q

Gait with compensated forefoot varus and rearfoot valgus

A

Severe midfoot collapse
Outoeing – too many toes sign
Splaying of toes
Pronation fully through gait cycle

24
Q

Conditions with compensated forefoot varus and Rearfoot Valgus

A
Plantar fasciitis
Strain of the spring ligament
Post tib tendinopathy
Metatarsalgia
Bunions with hallux limitus
25
Uncompensated forefoot varus
The forefoot will not reach the ground The rearfoot may also be rigid and not able to evert to reach the ground May see big toe pressing into ground to stabilize May see shift at talus or leg with ankle more medially Often seen with tib varum or bowing of legs
26
Abdictovarus forefoot
``` abducted toe sign medium/low arch varus forefoot alignment mildy inverted heel alignment; abducted forefoot medial heel ppivot ```
27
Possible symptoms of abductovarus forefoot:
``` shin splints plantar fascitis cuboid syndrome medial knee pain tailor's bunion ```
28
Gait with uncompensated forefoot varus
More pressure on outer border of foot More pressure on first ray and big toe The foot may compensate with a heel whip There may be other compensations up the chain
29
Severe Pes planovalgus
``` abducted toe sign lateral column instability flat arch everted heel alignment large toe sign ```
30
Symptoms of Pes planovalgus
pronates thru propulsion severe MTJ instability propels from central MTHs
31
Severe pes cavus
peek a boo hallux cavus high arch inverted heel alignment ER of tibial/fibular rotation
32
Symptoms of pes cavus
poor shock attenuation excessive supination narrow or cross over gait
33
Shoes for intoeing or outoeing?
Need a shoe that is flexible enough that we can incorporate a gait plate which controls the in toeing and out toeing. If the shoe is too stiff/too controlling the gait plate can’t work
34
Measuring WC seat height/leg length
Measure from the user’s heel to the popliteal fold and add 2 inches to allow clearance of the footrest
35
Average adult size of seat height/leg length:
19.5-20.5 inches
36
How far is the bottom of the footrest from the floor?
2 inches | You can fit 2-3 fingers under the distal thigh (between the thigh and the seat)
37
Measurement of seat depth:
Measure from the user’s posterior buttock, along the lateral thigh to the poplitealfold; then subtract 2 inches to avoid pressure from the front edge of the seat against the poplitealspace
38
Average adult size of seat:
16 inches
39
Measure of seat depth:
Can you can fit 3-4 fingers between the front edge of the seat and the patient’s poplitealfold with your palm horizontal to the seat?
40
Measurement of seat width:
Measure the widest aspect of the user’s buttocks, hips or thighs and add 2 inches. This will provide space for bulky clothing, orthosesor clearance of trochantersfrom the armrest side panel
41
Average adult size of seat width:
18 inches
42
Measurement of back height:
Measure from the seat of the chair to the floor of the axilla with the user’s shoulder flexed to 90, then subtract 4 inches. This will allow the final back height to be below the inferior angles of the scapula
43
Average adult size of back height:
16-16.5 inches
44
Measurement of armrest height:
Measure from the seat of the chair to the olecranon process with the user’s elbow flexed to 90, then add 1 inch
45
Average adult size of armrest:
9 inches above the chair seat