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Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Medial Longitudinal Arch

What bones make up this arch?

A
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • All three cuneiforms
  • First three metatarsal bones
  • First three proximal, medial, and distal phalanges
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2
Q

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

What bones make up this arch?

A
  • Calcaneus
  • Cuboid
  • 4th and 5th metatarsal bones
  • 4th and 5th proximal, medial, and distal phalanges
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3
Q

Transverse Arch

What bones make up this arch?

A
  • Cuboid
  • All 3 Cuneiforms
  • Metatarsal Bases
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4
Q

Which arch of the foot comes in closest contact with the ground?

A

The lateral arch

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5
Q

What are the four places weight is transferred on the foot during walking?

A

Calcaneus

Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal

Head of the first metatarsal

Distal phalanx of the great toe

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6
Q

Where is the ideal site of amputation of the foot, allowing the patient to still heel strike, and not lose the height of the limb?

A

The transverse tarsometatarsal joint

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7
Q

What two structures emerge from the inferior border of the extensor retinaculum?

A

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

Deep Fibular Nerve

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8
Q

What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

The Plantar Aponeurosis is dense connective tissue has five slips which run concurrently with the tendinous sheaths of the foot and helps them slide fluidly

The Plantar Aponeurosis is also a critically important passive support for the arches of the foot

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9
Q

What is Plantar Fasciiitis?

A

Inflammation of plantar fascia, especially at proximal attachment

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10
Q

What can cause a calcaneal bone spur?

A

The arch of the foot sags and the calcaneus slides in a bursa that is just underneath the Plantar Aponeurosis.

This can cause inflammation of that bursa, which can then lead to overgrowth of bone and a bone spur

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11
Q

What muscles are found on the dorsal side of the foot?

A
  • Extensor Hallucis Brevis
  • Extensor Digitorum Brevis
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12
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle

What is its attachments?

A

Origin: Superolateral aspect of the Calcaneus and interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of 1st proximal phalanx

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13
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle

What is its action?

A

Extend big toe at metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)

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14
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle

What is its innervation and blood supply?

A

Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve

Blood Supply: Dorsalis Pedis Artery

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15
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

What are its attachments?

A

Origin: Superolateral aspect of the Calcaneus and interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

Insertion: Lateral aspect Extensor Digitorum Longus Tendon

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16
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

What is its action?

A

Extend digits 2-4

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17
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

What is its innervation and blood supply?

A

Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve

Blood Supply: Dorsalis Pedis Artery

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18
Q

What muscles are found in the first plantar layer?

A
  • Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle
  • Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle
  • Abductor Hallucis Muscle
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19
Q

Abductor Hallucis Muscle

What is its attachments?

A

Origin: Medial tubercle; calcaneal tuberosity

Insertion: Medial aspect of base of 1st proximal phalanx

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20
Q

Abductor Hallucis Muscle

What is its action?

A
  1. Abduct big toe
  2. Flex big toe
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21
Q

Abductor Hallucis Muscle

What is its innervation and blood supply?

A

Innervation: Medial Plantar Nerve

Blood Supply: Medial Plantar Artery

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22
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

What are its attachments?

A

Origin: Medial tubercle; calcaneal tuberosity

Insertion: Intermediate phalanges 2nd-5th digits

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23
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

What is its action?

A

Flex digits 2-5

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24
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

What is its innervation and blood supply?

A

Innervation: Medial Plantar Nerve

Blood Supply: Medial Plantar Artery

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25
The flexor digitorum longus tendon runs through a split in the insertion of what muscle's tendon?
Flexor digitorum brevis
26
**Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle** What is its attachments?
**Origin:** Calcaneal tuberosity **Insertion:** Lateral aspect of base of 5th proximal phalanx
27
**Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle** What is its action?
1. Abduct 5th toe 2. Flex 5th toe
28
**Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** Lateral Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** Lateral Plantar Artery
29
What muscles are found in the second plantar layer?
* Quadratus Plantae * Lumbricals * *Tendons of Flexor Hallucis Longus and Flexor Digitorum Longus are also found in this layer*
30
**Quadratus Plantae Muscle** What is its attachments?
**Origin:** Plantar surface calcaneus **Insertion:** Lateral aspect of Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon
31
**Quadratus Plantae Muscle** What is its action?
Assists with flexion of digits 2-5
32
**Quadratus Plantae​ Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** Lateral Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** Lateral Plantar Artery
33
What muscle of the foot does not have an analogue in the hand?
Quadratus plantae
34
**Lumbricals Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** 1st Lumbrical: Medial Plantar Nerve 2nd-4th: Lateral Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** 1st Lumbrical: Medial Plantar Artery 2nd-4th: Lateral Plantar Artery
35
**Lumbricals Muscle** What are its attachments?
**Origin:** Lateral aspect of Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon **Insertion:** Medial proximal phalanx of digits 2-5; Medial aspects of digital expansion on digits 2-5
36
**Lumbricals Muscle** What is its action?
1. Flex MTP joint 2. Extend proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
37
What muscles are found in the third plantar layer?
* Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis * Adductor Hallucis * Flexor Hallucis Brevis * *Opponens Digiti Minimi - don't need to know*
38
**Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Muscle** What is its attachments?
**Origin:** Base 5th metatarsal **Insertion:** Base of 5th proximal phalanx
39
**Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis ​Muscle** What is its action?
Flex proximal phalanx of 5th digit
40
**Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis ​Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** Superficial Lateral Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** Lateral Plantar Artery
41
**Adductor Hallucis Muscle** What is its attachments?
**Origin:** _Oblique head:_ Bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals _Transverse head:_ Plantar metatarsophalangeal ligament **Insertion:** Lateral aspect of 1st proximal phalanx base
42
**Adductor Hallucis Muscle** What is its action?
Adduct hallux
43
**Adductor Hallucis Brevis Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** Deep Lateral Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** Medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries
44
**Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle** What is its attachments?
**Origin:** Plantar surface of cuboid and 3rd cuneiform **Insertion:** Base of 1st proximal phalanx
45
**Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle** What is its action?
Flex 1st proximal phalanx
46
**Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** Medial Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** Medial Plantar Artery
47
What unique feature can be found in the medial and lateral head of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis?
_Sesamoid bones_ that create a protective tunnel for the flexor hallucis longus tendon
48
What muscle integrates with the Oblique Head of the Adductor Hallucis?
Lateral head of Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle
49
What muscles are found in the fourth plantar layer? How many muscles of each are there?
* 4 Dorsal Interossei Muscles (DABS) * 3 Palmar Interossei Muscles (PADS) * *Fibularis Longus Tendon and Tibialis Posterior Tendons also in this layer*
50
**Dorsal Interossei Muscle** What is its attachments?
**Origin:** Adjacent edges and bases of 1st-5th metatarsals **Insertion:** 1st: Medial aspect 2nd proximal phalanx 2nd-4th: Lateral azpect bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th proximal phalanges
51
**Dorsal Interossei Muscle** What is its action?
1. Abduct digits 2-4 2. Flex metatarsophalangeal joint
52
**Dorsal Interossei Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** Lateral Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** Dorsal Digital Arteries
53
**Plantar Interossei Muscle** What is its attachments?
**Origin:** _Oblique head:_ Bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals _Transverse head:_ Plantar metatarsophalangeal ligament **Insertion:** Lateral aspect of 1st proximal phalanx base
54
**Plantar** **Interossei Muscle** What is its action?
1. Adduct digits 3-5 2. Flex MTP joint
55
Plantar **Interossei Muscle** What is its innervation and blood supply?
**Innervation:** Lateral Plantar Nerve **Blood Supply:** Dorsal Digital Arteries
56
What can happen to cause Hallux Valgus?
If you displace the Great Toe too far laterally, the Tendon of the Flexor Hallucis Longus can slip out of the groove created by the sesamoid bones of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis, causing the Great Toe to stay laterally displaced.
57
What is a corn of the foot?
Inflamed calluses on the medial aspect of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint
58
What is a bunion?
Inflammation of a bursa just over the _medial aspect_ of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint.
59
What is hammer toe
Hyperextension of the Proximal Phalanx at the Metatarsophalangeal Joint - Plantarflexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint, - Extension of the distal interphalangeal joint * Normally in 2nd digit*
60
What is claw toe?
Hyperextension of the Metatarsophalangeal joint as in Hammer Toe -Flexion of both Interphalangeal Joints
61
What is mallet toe?
Flexion at the Distal Interphalangeal Joint
62
What nerve innervates the two muscles on the dorsum of the foot?
The lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve
63
What are the two main nerves of the sole of the foot?
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
64
Which branch of the lateral plantar nerve is involved in cutaneous (sensory) innervation, and which branch is involved in motor innervation?
The superficial branch does the cutaneous innervation The deep branch does muscular (motor) innervation
65
What nerve does the lateral tarsal artery run with?
Lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve
66
What part of the skin of the foot is innervated by the superficial branch of the lateral plantar nerve?
The skin around and including the fifth digit of the foot
67
What gives rise to the medial and lateral plantar nerves?
Tibial nerve
68
What four muscles are innervated by the Medial Plantar Nerve?
Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis Medial one lumbrical
69
What part of the skin of the foot is innervated by the medial plantar nerve?
Plantar foot except the fifth digit
70
What is the primary artery to the plantar foot?
Posterior tibial artery
71
What does the medial plantar artery do?
Gives rise to two Plantar Metatarsal and Plantar Digital Arteries
72
What are the branches of dorsalis pedis?
Lateral tarsal artery Arcuate artery Deep plantar artery
73
What does the arcuate artery do?
Gives rise to the 2nd through 5th metatarsal arteries
74
What nerve runs with dorsalis pedis?
Medial branch of the deep fibular nerve
75
What does the deep plantar artery do?
Joins the lateral plantar artery to form the plantar arterial arch Gives rise to the first metatarsal artery
76
What are the main branches of the posterior tibial artery in the plantar aspect of the foot? Where does it split?
Medial and lateral plantar arteries Deep to abductor hallucis on the medial foot (after Tom Dick AN Harry)
77
What is the primary artery to the dorsum of the foot?
The anterior tibial artery
78
Where does the anterior tibial artery become dorsalis pedis?
When the lateral malleolar artery splits off
79
What does the lateral plantar artery do?
Gives rise to the 3rd through 6th Plantar Metatarsal and Plantar Digital Arteries Terminates in an anastomosis with the deep plantar artery from the dorsalis pedis forming the plantar arterial arch

MSK Exam 1 (41 decks)

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