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Anatomy Exam 3 > Foot > Flashcards

Foot Flashcards

1
Q

FOOT JOINTS

A

FOOT JOINTS

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2
Q

What type of joint are the intertarsal joints?

A

planar type synovial

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3
Q

What are the 4 main intertarsal joints?

A
  • subtalar (talocalcaneal)
  • talonavicular
  • surgical subtalar
  • transverse tarsal

The other joints have strong interosseous ligaments.

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4
Q

The subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint is between which two tarsal bones and acts to do what?

A
  • located between the talus and calcaneous

- acts to transfer body weight from talus to calcaleous

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5
Q

What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?

A

synovial ball and socket

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6
Q

The surgical subtalar is a combination of what two joints? What is another name for it?

A
  • talocalcaneal and talonavicular

- talocalcaneonavicular

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7
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint a combination of?

This compound joint allows rotation around a longitudinal axis contributing to what?

A
  • calcaneocuboid + talonavicular

- inversion and eversion

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8
Q

What is the function of the other intertarsal joints?

Do they have movement?

A
  • primarily act to absorb shock and dissipate it

- have a little wobble, but no appreciable movement

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9
Q

What type of joints are the tarsometatarsal joints?

A

planar synovial joints

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10
Q

What type of joints are the intermetatarsal joints?

A

planar synovial joints

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11
Q

What are the ligaments associated with the intermetatarsal joints?

A
  • strong capsule
  • strong interosseous ligaments
  • deep transverse ligaments distally
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12
Q

What do the deep distal transverse ligaments do?

A

They tie all 5 metatarsals together distally.

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13
Q

Unlike the hand, the 1st digit of the foot is permanently _______.

A

Permanently adducted to the remaining digits

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14
Q

What type of joint are the metatarsalphalangeal joints?

A

condyloid synovial

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15
Q

What are the ligaments of the metatarsalphalangeal joints?

A
  • strong capsule
  • collateral ligaments
  • plantar ligaments
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16
Q

The collateral ligaments are loose to allow slight what?

A

ab/adduction

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17
Q

The plantar ligaments limit what?

A

extension

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18
Q

What types of joints are the interphalangeal joints?

A

hinge type synovial

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19
Q

What are the ligaments of the interphalangeal joints?

A
  • strong capsule
  • collateral ligaments
  • plantar ligaments
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20
Q

How do the collateral and plantar ligaments of the IP joints act different than those of the MTP joints?

A

The only difference is that the collateral ligaments of the interphalangeal joints are tight to prevent ab/adduction. They aren’t loose like the MCP collateral ligaments are.

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21
Q

FOOT ARCHES

A

FOOT ARCHES

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22
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A
  • medial
  • lateral
  • transverse
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23
Q

What do the arches allow?

A

Distribution of body weight between heel and balls of the feet for a 2 point transfer.

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24
Q

There are _ points through the stance limb when walking, and _ points when standing erect.

A

2,4

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25
Q

These points and arches act as both a ________ and as a ________.

A
  • shock absorber

- spring board- provide propulsion force during the push-off part of the stance phase

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26
Q

Which arch is the more important longitudinal arch?

A

medial

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27
Q

What bones form the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  • calcaneous
  • talus
  • navicular
  • 3 cuneiforms
  • metatarsals 1-3
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28
Q

What is the weight distribution of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

-talus to posterior calcaneous and head of the three metatarsals

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29
Q

Which arch is the least important of the longitudinal arches?

A

lateral

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30
Q

What bones form the lateral longitudinal arch?

A
  • calcaneous
  • cuboid
  • metatarsals 4 and 5
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31
Q

What is the weight distribution of the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

-calcaneous to cuboid and head of metatarsals 4 and 5

32
Q

What bones does the longitudinal arch run through?

A
  • cuboid
  • cuneiforms
  • bases of metatarsals
33
Q

What is the transverse arch maintained by?

A
  • shape of bones
  • ligaments- deep and superficial transverse
  • tendons- fibularis longus, tibialis posterior
  • muscles- adductor hallicus
34
Q

What muscle and what muscle tendons act to maintain the transverse arch?

A
  • Fibularis Longus Muscle Tendon
  • Tibialis Posterior Muscle Tendon
  • Adductor Hallicus Muscle
35
Q

What are the passive factors maintaining the arches of the foot?

A
  • plantar aponeurosis
  • long plantar ligament
  • short plantar (calcaneocuboidal) ligament
  • spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament

This is in order from inferior to superior (bottom of foot to top)

36
Q

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

A

deep fascia running from heel to balls of feet

37
Q

Where is the long plantar ligament?

A

heel to bases of metatarsals 2-5

38
Q

What is the function of the spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament?

A

Acts to support the head of the talus between the calcaneous and the navicular to keep the talus the high point of the medial longitudinal arch.

39
Q

What are the active factors maintaining the arches?

A
  • Intrinsic muscles of the foot
    • Thenar group
    • Hypothenar group
    • Flexor digitorum brevis
    • Adductor hallicus
  • Muscles of the leg whose tendons cross foot joints
    • flexor hallucis and flexor digitorum
    • fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
40
Q
  • What are the muscles of the thenar group?

- What arch do they maintain?

A
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor hallucis brevis

-Maintain the medial longitudinal arch

41
Q
  • What are the muscles of the hypothenar group?

- What arch do they maintain?

A
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Flexor digiti minimi
  • Opponens digiti minimi

-Maintain the lateral longitudinal arch

42
Q

What arch does the flexor digitorum brevis maintain?

A

Both lateral and medial arches

43
Q

What arch does the adductor hallucis maintain?

A

Transverse arch

44
Q

Leg muscles that support arches:

  • What arch does the flexor hallucis and flexor digitorum longus maintain?
  • What arch does the fibularis longus and tibialis posterior maintain?
A
  • longitudinal

- transverse arch

45
Q

FOOT DIVISIONS

A

FOOT DIVISIONS

46
Q

What are the three zones of the foot and what bones do they consist of?

A
  • Hindfoot= talus and calcaneous
  • Midfoot= navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
  • Forefoot= consists of metatarsals and phalanges
47
Q

What are the 4 compartments of the foot?

A
  • Medial
  • Central
  • Lateral
  • Interosseous
48
Q

The medial compartment is also the _______, while the lateral is the __________.

A
  • thenar

- hypothenar

49
Q

What are the parts of the skin and fascia?

A
  • dorsum of foot
  • plantar surface = sole = heel and balls of feet
  • plantar fascia
  • plantar aponeurosis
    • forms digital sheaths
    • forms superficial transverse ligament
50
Q

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

A

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

51
Q

What is the main function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Work together to maintain the arches of the foot when weight is loaded on them during stance phase.

52
Q

The intrinsic foot muscles are divided into how many layers?

53
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the 1st layer?

A
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Abductor digiti minimi
54
Q

What nerve innervates the 1st layer of the intrinsic foot muscles?

A

tibial nerve

55
Q

Abductor hallucis:

  • Attachment
    • The abductor hallucis goes from the _______ to the _______.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the abductor hallucis?
A
  • calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis
  • proximal phalanx of digit 1
  • abduct digit 1
  • maintain medial longitudinal arch and provide cushioning
56
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis:

  • Attachment
    • The flexor digitorum brevis goes from _______ to __________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the flexor digitorum brevis?
A
  • calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis
  • middle phalanx of digit 2-5
  • flex digits 2-5
  • maintain medial and lateral longitudinal arches and act as a cushion
57
Q

Abductor digiti minimi:

  • Attachment
    • The abductor digiti minimi goes from the __________ to the ___________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the abductor digiti minimi?
A
  • calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis
  • proximal phalanx of digit 5
  • abduct digit 5
  • maintain the lateral longitudinial arch and provide cushioning
58
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the 2nd layer?

A
  • Quadratus plantae

- Lumbricles

59
Q

What are the 2nd layer muscles innervated by?

A

tibial nerve

60
Q

Quadratus plantae:

  • Attachment
    • The quadratus plantae goes from the _________ to the _________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the quadratus plantae?
A
  • calcaneus
  • tendon flexor digitorum longus

-maintain orientation flexor digitorum longus

61
Q

Lumbricles:

  • Attachment
    • The lumbricals go from the ________ to the _________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the lumbricals?
A
  • tendons flexor digitorum longus
  • extensor expansion digits 2-5
  • flex at metatarsophylangeal joints digit 2-5
  • extend at interphalangeal joints digit 2-5
62
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the 3rd layer?

A
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • Adductor hallucis
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
63
Q

What are the 3rd layer muscles innervated by?

A

tibial nerve

64
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis:

  • Attachment
    • The flexor hallucis brevis goes from the ________ to the __________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the flexor hallucis brevis?
A
  • cuboid and lateral cuneiform
  • split attachment medial and lateral sides of proximal phalange of 1st digit
  • flexion of digit 1 MTP
  • maintain orientation flexor digitorum longus
65
Q

Adductor hallucis (2 heads)

  • Attachment
    • The oblique head of the adductor hallucis goes from the _______ to the ________.
    • The transverse head goes from the __________ to the ____________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the adductor hallucis?
A
  • base of metatarsal 2-4
  • lateral side base of prox phalange digit 1
  • plantar lig metatarsophalangeal joints
  • lateral side base of prox phalange digit 1

-main function is to maintain the transverse arch and provide cushioning

66
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis:

  • Attachment
    • The flexor digiti minimi brevis goes from the _______ to the ________.

-Action
What are the actions of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A
  • base of metatarsal 5
  • base proximal phalangae 5

-flex digit 5

67
Q

At the attachment point of the flexor hallucis brevis, we have 2 sesmoid bones that keep what from collapsing on the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus? (Turf Toe)

A

digital sheath

68
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the 4th layer?

A
  • Plantar interossi

- Dorsal Interossi

69
Q

What are the 4th layer muscles innervated by?

A

tibial nerve

70
Q

Plantar interossi:

  • Attachment
    • The plantar interossi go from the _______ to the __________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the plantar interossi?
A
  • metatarsal 3-5
  • extensor expansion 3-5
  • adduct digit 3-5 (digit 2 is reference)
  • flex metatarsophylangeal joints
  • extend interphalangeal joints
71
Q

Dorsal interossi:

  • Attachment
    • The dorsal interossi go from _______ to _________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the dorsal interossi?
A
  • metatarsals 1-5
  • extensor expansion 2-4 (digit 2 has a medial and lateral dorsal interossi, digit 3 and 4 have lateral one)
  • abduct digit 3-4 (move away digit 2 reference)
  • ab and adduct digit 2
  • flex metatarsophylangeal joints digits 2-4
  • extend interphylangeal joints digit 2-4
72
Q

What are the 2 muscles on the dorsum of the foot?

A
  • Extensor digitorum brevis

- Extensor hallucis brevis

73
Q

What are the muscles of the dorsum foot innervated by?

A

deep fibular nerve

74
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis:

  • Attachment
    • The extensor digitorum brevis goes from the _________ to the ________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the extensor digitorum brevis?
A
  • calcaneus
  • extensor expansion 2-4

-extend digits 2-4

75
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis:

  • Attachment
    • The extensor hallucis brevis goes from the ________ to the ________.
  • Action
    • What are the actions of the extensor hallucis brevis?
A
  • calcaneus
  • extensor expansion digit 1

-extend digit 1

Anatomy Exam 3 (6 decks)

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