foot

Question 1

what makes up the forefoot

Answer 1

phalanges and the metatarsals

Question 2

what makes up the midfoot

Answer 2

medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform
cuboid
navicular

Question 3

what makes up the hindfoot

Answer 3

calcaneus

and the talus bone

Question 4

what is the function or the 3 arches

Answer 4

absorb shock during weight bearing
make foot adaptable to surface and weight changes

medial longitudinal Arch
lateral longitudinal Arch
Transverse arch

Question 5

what makes up the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 5

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
1-3 cuneiforms
1-3 metatarsals
1-3 Proximal,medial, and distal phalanges

Question 6

What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 6

Calcaneus
cuboid
4-5 metatarsal
4-5 proximal medial and distal phalanges

Question 7

What makes up the transverse arch

Answer 7

Cuboid
all three cuneiforms
metatarsal bases
tendon of fibularis longus
tendon of tibialis posterior

Question 8

3 ligaments that play an important part in arch support

Answer 8

Long plantar Ligament (lateral side)
Spring ligament (medial side): 
the short plantar ligament (under the long ligament)

Question 9

What is the fascia on the dorsum of the foot and what emerges beneath it

Answer 9

Inferior extensor retinaculum
dorsal fascia of the foot
the dorsalis pedis A and the Deep fibular N emerge from beneath the inferior border of the extensor retinaculum

superior extensor retinaculum is located on the tibia and fibula

Question 10

Fascia that is found on the sole of the foot and its function

Answer 10

Plantar aponeurosis
longitudinal band of dense connective tissue
distally dividing into the five bands that enclose the digital tendons

supports the longitudinal foot arches

Question 11

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 11

cause from running, high impact exercise, wornout shoes, and overweight

inflammation at the proximal attachment, pain worsesns after sitting or getting out of bed in the morning

Can lead to a calcaneal spur especially from the medial calcaneal tubercle

Question 12

What are the two dorsal muscles

Answer 12

Extensor hallucis brevis

Extensor digitorum Brevis

Question 13

Extensor digitorum Brevis

Answer 13

orgin: calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus)
insertion: long extensor tendons of four medial digits (toes 2-4)

Deep fibular Nerve

aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending the four medial toes at the metatarsalphalangeal and interphalangeal joints

Question 14

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Answer 14

orgin: calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus)
insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe

Deep fibular Nerve

aids in extensor hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

Question 15

What is the main goal of the plantar foot muscles

Answer 15

synergistically help maintain foot arches and standing on uneven grand

Question 16

1st layer of plantar muscles (most superficial)

Answer 16

Abductor digiti Minimi
Flexor digitorum Brevis
Abductor Hallucis

Question 17

2nd Layer of plantar muscles

Answer 17

Quadratus Plantae m
Lumbricals M

FLexor hallucis Longus and Flexor digitorum longus tendons are located in this layer

Question 18

3rd layer of the plantar muscles

Answer 18

Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor Hallucis 
---two heads, transverse, and oblique
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Opponens Digiti Minimi

Question 19

4th Layer of the Plantar muscles

Answer 19

3 plantar interossei M
4 Dorsal introssei muscles

Fibularis Longus and Tibialis Posterior tendons are also found in this layer (support the arch)

Question 20

Abductor Hallucis

Answer 20

Orgin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus
insertion: Medial side of the base of the proximal digit of the 1st digit

Medial Plantar Nerve

Abducts and flexes the 1st digit

Question 21

Flexor digitorum Brevis

Answer 21

Orgin: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus
insertion: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits

Medial Plantar Nerve

Flexes lateral four digits

Question 22

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Answer 22

orgin: Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus
Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Lateral Plantar Nerve

Abducts and flexes the little toe

Question 23

Quadratus Plantae

Answer 23

orgin: Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surfaces of calcaneus
insertion: posterolateral margin of tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Lateral Plantar Nerve

Assist flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits

without this the curl of the toes would be laterally back not straight back

Question 24

Lumbricals

Answer 24

Orgin: Tendons of Flexor digitorum Longus
Insertion: Medial Aspect of expansion over lateral four digits

Medial One: Medial Plantar Nerve
3 Lateral ones: Lateral Plantar Nerve

Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits

Question 25

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Answer 25

Orgin: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms Insertion: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit Medial Plantar Nerve (S2-S3) Flexes proximal Phalanx of 1st digit

Question 26

Adductor Hallucis

Answer 26

Oblique head: Bases of metatarsals 2-4 Transverse head: Plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints Insertion: Tendons of both heads attach to the lateral side of base of 1st proximal phalanx of 1st digit Deep branch of the Lataral Plantar Nerve Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit Helps keep toes together to help push off when stepping

Question 27

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

Answer 27

orgin: Base of the 5th Metatarsa insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion

Question 28

Plantar Interosei

Answer 28

orgin: Plantar aspect of the medial sides of shafts of metatarsals 3-5 Insertion: medial sides of bases of phalanges of 3rd-5th digits Lateral Plantar nerve ADDuct digits 3-5 PAD

Question 29

Dorsal Interossei

Answer 29

orgin: adjacent sides of shafts of metatarsals 1-5 insertion: medial side of digit 2 and lateral sides of digits 2-4 lateral plantar Nerve ABduct the digiits 2-4 DAB

Question 30

Hallux Valgus

Answer 30

lateral deviation of the great toe tissue surrounding the deviated area swells leading to friction causing a bursa to form that bursa is a bunion

Question 31

Corns

Answer 31

Inflamed area with thickened skin over proximal interphalangeal joints

Question 32

Mallet Toe

Answer 32

Flexion in Distal Interphalangeal joint referring to lateral toes

Question 33

Hammer Toe

Answer 33

Extension at Metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at the proximal Interphalangeal joint referring to lateral toes usually occurs in 2nd digit

Question 34

Claw toe

Answer 34

Extension at the MEtatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at both the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint Refer to lateral toes

Question 35

Trigger toe

Answer 35

Extension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at the Interphalangeal joint of the big toe

Question 36

Nerves of the foot breakdown

Answer 36

Sciatic N gives rise to: Tibial N and Common fibular N Tibial N gives rise to medial sural cutaneus, Medial Plantar N and Lateral Pantar N Common fibular N gives rise to lateral sural communicating N, superficial fibular N, and Deep fibular N

Question 37

What does the Deep Fibular Nerve Innervate

Answer 37

Lateral branch of the deep fibular N: Extensor hallucis Brevis Extensor Digitorum Brevis Efferent fibers Medial Branch of the Deep Fibular N Skin between the 1st interdigital space afferent fibes

Question 38

Lateral Plantar Nerve Relationship through the foot

Answer 38

passes deep to Abductor Hallucis runs anterolaterally deep to flexor digitorum Brevis Terminates by dividing into superficial and deep branches which give rise to: Common Plantar Digital N Proper Plantar Digital N

Question 39

Medial Plantar Nerve Relationships through the foot

Answer 39

Passes deep to Abductor Hallucis runs anteriorly between Abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis ends near metatarsal which gives rise to: Common plantar digital N Proper Plantar Digital N

Question 40

Medial Plantar Nerve Innervations

Answer 40

``` Abductor Hallucis Flexor Digitorum Brevis Medial One Lumbrical Flexor Hallucis Brevis Supply plantar skin ```

Question 41

Lateral Plantar Nerve Innervations

Answer 41

``` Abductor Digiti Minimi Quadratus Plantae Lateral Three Lumbricals Adductor Hallucis Flexor digitorum Minimi Brevis Interossei Supply Plantar Skin ```

Question 42

Blood Supply to the Dorsal Foot

Answer 42

Anterior Tibial Artery turns into the Dorsalis Pedis Artery which then gives rise to the Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery and as well as the Lateral Tarsal Artery The dorsal pedis Artery will meet up with the Lateral Tarsal Artery making the Arcuate Artery The Dorsal Pedis Artery will also give rise to the deep plantar Artery The Arcuate Artery will give rise the dorsal Metatarsal Arteries and continue on to the Dorsal digital Arteries

Question 43

Blood Supply Plantar of the foot

Answer 43

From the posterior Tibial Artery it branches into the medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries THe Lateral Plantar Artery will make up the majority of the Deep Plantar Arch the Plantar Arch will give rise to the 3-6th plantar metatarsal and plantar digital Arteries The medial Plantar A will run with the Medial Plantar N and give rise to the 1-2nd Plantar Metatarsal and Plantar Digital Arteries