foot Flashcards
what makes up the forefoot
phalanges and the metatarsals
what makes up the midfoot
medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform
cuboid
navicular
what makes up the hindfoot
calcaneus
and the talus bone
what is the function or the 3 arches
absorb shock during weight bearing
make foot adaptable to surface and weight changes
medial longitudinal Arch
lateral longitudinal Arch
Transverse arch
what makes up the medial longitudinal arch
Calcaneus Talus Navicular 1-3 cuneiforms 1-3 metatarsals 1-3 Proximal,medial, and distal phalanges
What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch
Calcaneus
cuboid
4-5 metatarsal
4-5 proximal medial and distal phalanges
What makes up the transverse arch
Cuboid all three cuneiforms metatarsal bases tendon of fibularis longus tendon of tibialis posterior
3 ligaments that play an important part in arch support
Long plantar Ligament (lateral side) Spring ligament (medial side): the short plantar ligament (under the long ligament)
What is the fascia on the dorsum of the foot and what emerges beneath it
Inferior extensor retinaculum
dorsal fascia of the foot
the dorsalis pedis A and the Deep fibular N emerge from beneath the inferior border of the extensor retinaculum
superior extensor retinaculum is located on the tibia and fibula
Fascia that is found on the sole of the foot and its function
Plantar aponeurosis
longitudinal band of dense connective tissue
distally dividing into the five bands that enclose the digital tendons
supports the longitudinal foot arches
Plantar fasciitis
cause from running, high impact exercise, wornout shoes, and overweight
inflammation at the proximal attachment, pain worsesns after sitting or getting out of bed in the morning
Can lead to a calcaneal spur especially from the medial calcaneal tubercle
What are the two dorsal muscles
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum Brevis
Extensor digitorum Brevis
orgin: calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus)
insertion: long extensor tendons of four medial digits (toes 2-4)
Deep fibular Nerve
aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending the four medial toes at the metatarsalphalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Extensor Hallucis Longus
orgin: calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus)
insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe
Deep fibular Nerve
aids in extensor hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
What is the main goal of the plantar foot muscles
synergistically help maintain foot arches and standing on uneven grand
1st layer of plantar muscles (most superficial)
Abductor digiti Minimi
Flexor digitorum Brevis
Abductor Hallucis
2nd Layer of plantar muscles
Quadratus Plantae m
Lumbricals M
FLexor hallucis Longus and Flexor digitorum longus tendons are located in this layer
3rd layer of the plantar muscles
Flexor digiti minimi brevis Adductor Hallucis ---two heads, transverse, and oblique Flexor Hallucis Brevis Opponens Digiti Minimi
4th Layer of the Plantar muscles
3 plantar interossei M
4 Dorsal introssei muscles
Fibularis Longus and Tibialis Posterior tendons are also found in this layer (support the arch)
Abductor Hallucis
Orgin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus
insertion: Medial side of the base of the proximal digit of the 1st digit
Medial Plantar Nerve
Abducts and flexes the 1st digit
Flexor digitorum Brevis
Orgin: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus
insertion: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
Medial Plantar Nerve
Flexes lateral four digits
Abductor Digiti Minimi
orgin: Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus
Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Abducts and flexes the little toe
Quadratus Plantae
orgin: Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surfaces of calcaneus
insertion: posterolateral margin of tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Assist flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
without this the curl of the toes would be laterally back not straight back
Lumbricals
Orgin: Tendons of Flexor digitorum Longus
Insertion: Medial Aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
Medial One: Medial Plantar Nerve
3 Lateral ones: Lateral Plantar Nerve
Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Orgin: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms
Insertion: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Medial Plantar Nerve (S2-S3)
Flexes proximal Phalanx of 1st digit
Adductor Hallucis
Oblique head: Bases of metatarsals 2-4
Transverse head: Plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints
Insertion: Tendons of both heads attach to the lateral side of base of 1st proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Deep branch of the Lataral Plantar Nerve
Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Helps keep toes together to help push off when stepping
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
orgin: Base of the 5th Metatarsa
insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion
Plantar Interosei
orgin: Plantar aspect of the medial sides of shafts of metatarsals 3-5
Insertion: medial sides of bases of phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
Lateral Plantar nerve
ADDuct digits 3-5
PAD
Dorsal Interossei
orgin: adjacent sides of shafts of metatarsals 1-5
insertion: medial side of digit 2
and lateral sides of digits 2-4
lateral plantar Nerve
ABduct the digiits 2-4
DAB
Hallux Valgus
lateral deviation of the great toe
tissue surrounding the deviated area swells leading to friction causing a bursa to form
that bursa is a bunion
Corns
Inflamed area with thickened skin over proximal interphalangeal joints
Mallet Toe
Flexion in Distal Interphalangeal joint
referring to lateral toes
Hammer Toe
Extension at Metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at the proximal Interphalangeal joint
referring to lateral toes
usually occurs in 2nd digit
Claw toe
Extension at the MEtatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at both the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint
Refer to lateral toes
Trigger toe
Extension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at the Interphalangeal joint of the big toe
Nerves of the foot breakdown
Sciatic N gives rise to:
Tibial N and Common fibular N
Tibial N gives rise to medial sural cutaneus, Medial Plantar N and Lateral Pantar N
Common fibular N gives rise to lateral sural communicating N, superficial fibular N, and Deep fibular N
What does the Deep Fibular Nerve Innervate
Lateral branch of the deep fibular N:
Extensor hallucis Brevis
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Efferent fibers
Medial Branch of the Deep Fibular N
Skin between the 1st interdigital space
afferent fibes
Lateral Plantar Nerve Relationship through the foot
passes deep to Abductor Hallucis
runs anterolaterally deep to flexor digitorum Brevis
Terminates by dividing into superficial and deep branches which give rise to:
Common Plantar Digital N
Proper Plantar Digital N
Medial Plantar Nerve Relationships through the foot
Passes deep to Abductor Hallucis
runs anteriorly between Abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis
ends near metatarsal which gives rise to:
Common plantar digital N
Proper Plantar Digital N
Medial Plantar Nerve Innervations
Abductor Hallucis Flexor Digitorum Brevis Medial One Lumbrical Flexor Hallucis Brevis Supply plantar skin
Lateral Plantar Nerve Innervations
Abductor Digiti Minimi Quadratus Plantae Lateral Three Lumbricals Adductor Hallucis Flexor digitorum Minimi Brevis Interossei Supply Plantar Skin
Blood Supply to the Dorsal Foot
Anterior Tibial Artery turns into the Dorsalis Pedis Artery
which then gives rise to the Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery and as well as the Lateral Tarsal Artery
The dorsal pedis Artery will meet up with the Lateral Tarsal Artery making the Arcuate Artery
The Dorsal Pedis Artery will also give rise to the deep plantar Artery
The Arcuate Artery will give rise the dorsal Metatarsal Arteries and continue on to the Dorsal digital Arteries
Blood Supply Plantar of the foot
From the posterior Tibial Artery it branches into the medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries
THe Lateral Plantar Artery will make up the majority of the Deep Plantar Arch
the Plantar Arch will give rise to the 3-6th plantar metatarsal and plantar digital Arteries
The medial Plantar A will run with the Medial Plantar N and give rise to the 1-2nd Plantar Metatarsal and Plantar Digital Arteries
