Basic blood history

Question 1

What is blood and what is it made up of

Answer 1

Fluid connective tissue

made up of cells and a plasma

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

Question 2

Function of blood

Answer 2

Deliver O2 and nutrients and transport waste and CO2

deliver hormones, regulatory substances, immune system cells

maintain homeostasis

act as a buffer
participates in coagulation
thermoregulation

Question 3

Hematocrit

Answer 3

Hct

volume of RBCs in a sample of blood (packed cell volume PCV

male= 39-50 percent
female= 35-45 percent

leukocytes and platelets normally only consist of 1 percent of the blood
-buffy coat

Question 4

Blood plasma

Answer 4

liquid extracellular component of blood
>90 percent h2o

acts as a solvent

Question 5

Intersitial Fluid

Answer 5

fluid surrounding the cells in the tissues

derived from blood plasma
same electrolyte composition as blood plasma

Question 6

Plasma proteins

Answer 6

Primarily Albumin, Globulins, and fibrinogen

Question 7

Serum

Answer 7

Blood plasma without clotting factors

Question 8

Albumin

Answer 8

main protein component (50%)
made in liver

responsible for concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid

source of colloid osmotic pressure which pulls fluid into the blood

arrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates

Question 9

Globulins

Answer 9

immunoglobulins- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

Non immune globulin (alpha and beta globulin)

• maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins
• fibronectins lipoproteins, coagulation factors

Question 10

Fibrinogen

Answer 10

Largest plasma protein
made in liver
involved in formation of the platelet plug
interacts with thrombin to make fibrin

Question 11

Fibrin

Answer 11

Fibrin cross links form to make impermeable net that helps prevent further blood loss

Question 12

Erythrocytes

Answer 12

bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate cells

Biconcave disk makes it very flexible

binds O2 and CO2

life span 120 days

Normal counts:
male= 4.5-6million cells/mcL

female= 4-5 million mcL

Question 13

Reticulocytes

Answer 13

Anucleate, immature RBCs
-reflects erythroid proliferation

stains blue due to the residual ribosomal RNA

Enter circulation as lose polyribosomes and mature as an RBC

0.5-1.5 percent of RBC count

increases and decreases cna indicate a pathology or malignancy

Question 14

Anemia

Answer 14

Decreased Hemoglobin leves

most are caused by a reduction of RBCs

Hemolytic anemia is an accelerated destruction of RBCs

insufficient Fe, Vit B12, or folic acid can lead to decrease RBC

weakness fatigue, loss of energy
freq headaches, difficulty concentrating , dizziness, pale skin

Question 15

Sickle cell disease

Answer 15

point mutation in B globulin chain of HbA

glutamic acid becomes a valine

Low O2 or dehydration causes Hb to precipitate and sickling of cells

blood is more viscous and break down after 20 days

pile up can occlude small and large vessels which is called Acute chest syndrome

Question 16

Jaundice

Answer 16

yellow apperance of sclera of eye and skin

buildup of bilirubin which is the pigment in RBC

can be caused by destruction of circulating RBCs

can be common in newborns due to inefficiency of newborn liver

Question 17

Granulocytes

Answer 17

neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes

Question 18

Agranulocytes

Answer 18

lymphocytes

monocytes

Question 19

What is the normal count of Leukocytes

Answer 19

5000-1000 cells/mcL

Question 20

Neutrophils

Answer 20

of the WBC 50-70percent circulating

Multi lobbed nucleus, general lack of cytoplasmic staining

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils PMN

Acute inflammation and tissue injury by secreting enzymes and ingesting damaged tissues to kill invading micororganisms

can reckognize and bind bacteria

Question 21

Neutrophil granules

Answer 21

can bind neutral, basic, and acidic stains

Azurophilic granules: lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase

specific granules: various enzymes, complement activatiors and antimicrobial peptides

Question 22

Diapedesis

Answer 22

passage of WBC through blood vessesl to areas of damage infection

done via chemotaxis and cytokines

Question 23

Eosinophils

Answer 23

1-4 percent of circulating WBCs

Bi lobed nucleus

Abundance of large acidophilic granules staining intensely pink or red

Phagocytize antigen and antibody complex

increase with allergies

may mediate chronic inflammation

Question 24

Basophils

Answer 24

less that 1 percent circulating WBC

Specific granules that stain intensely purple

responsible for Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction and Anaphylaxis

Question 25

Lymphocytes

Answer 25

intensely staining spherical nucleus with thin pale blue rim of cytoplasm

T cells: cell mediated immunity
B-cells: plasma cells that make Abs
Natural killer cells: kill virus infected and or tumor cells

Question 26

Monocytes

Answer 26

Larges of WBCs

indented horseshoe shaped nucleus w/paler cytoplasm

in blood=monocyte
macrophage 
osteoblasts
kupffer cells in liver
microgila in brain

Question 27

Thrombocytes

Answer 27

small membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments

derived from megakaryocyte

contain granules that release platelet specific proteins that function in controlling blood loss and hemostasis

Question 28

Bands

Answer 28

immature neutrophils with banded nucleus

found in with increase in myeloid proliferation

due to serious bacterial infection or cancer