Basic blood history Flashcards
What is blood and what is it made up of
Fluid connective tissue
made up of cells and a plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Function of blood
Deliver O2 and nutrients and transport waste and CO2
deliver hormones, regulatory substances, immune system cells
maintain homeostasis
act as a buffer
participates in coagulation
thermoregulation
Hematocrit
Hct
volume of RBCs in a sample of blood (packed cell volume PCV
male= 39-50 percent female= 35-45 percent
leukocytes and platelets normally only consist of 1 percent of the blood
-buffy coat
Blood plasma
liquid extracellular component of blood
>90 percent h2o
acts as a solvent
Intersitial Fluid
fluid surrounding the cells in the tissues
derived from blood plasma
same electrolyte composition as blood plasma
Plasma proteins
Primarily Albumin, Globulins, and fibrinogen
Serum
Blood plasma without clotting factors
Albumin
main protein component (50%)
made in liver
responsible for concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid
source of colloid osmotic pressure which pulls fluid into the blood
arrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates
Globulins
immunoglobulins- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
Non immune globulin (alpha and beta globulin)
- maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins
- fibronectins lipoproteins, coagulation factors
Fibrinogen
Largest plasma protein
made in liver
involved in formation of the platelet plug
interacts with thrombin to make fibrin
Fibrin
Fibrin cross links form to make impermeable net that helps prevent further blood loss
Erythrocytes
bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate cells
Biconcave disk makes it very flexible
binds O2 and CO2
life span 120 days
Normal counts:
male= 4.5-6million cells/mcL
female= 4-5 million mcL
Reticulocytes
Anucleate, immature RBCs
-reflects erythroid proliferation
stains blue due to the residual ribosomal RNA
Enter circulation as lose polyribosomes and mature as an RBC
0.5-1.5 percent of RBC count
increases and decreases cna indicate a pathology or malignancy
Anemia
Decreased Hemoglobin leves
most are caused by a reduction of RBCs
Hemolytic anemia is an accelerated destruction of RBCs
insufficient Fe, Vit B12, or folic acid can lead to decrease RBC
weakness fatigue, loss of energy
freq headaches, difficulty concentrating , dizziness, pale skin
Sickle cell disease
point mutation in B globulin chain of HbA
glutamic acid becomes a valine
Low O2 or dehydration causes Hb to precipitate and sickling of cells
blood is more viscous and break down after 20 days
pile up can occlude small and large vessels which is called Acute chest syndrome
Jaundice
yellow apperance of sclera of eye and skin
buildup of bilirubin which is the pigment in RBC
can be caused by destruction of circulating RBCs
can be common in newborns due to inefficiency of newborn liver
Granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
What is the normal count of Leukocytes
5000-1000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils
of the WBC 50-70percent circulating
Multi lobbed nucleus, general lack of cytoplasmic staining
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils PMN
Acute inflammation and tissue injury by secreting enzymes and ingesting damaged tissues to kill invading micororganisms
can reckognize and bind bacteria
Neutrophil granules
can bind neutral, basic, and acidic stains
Azurophilic granules: lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase
specific granules: various enzymes, complement activatiors and antimicrobial peptides
Diapedesis
passage of WBC through blood vessesl to areas of damage infection
done via chemotaxis and cytokines
Eosinophils
1-4 percent of circulating WBCs
Bi lobed nucleus
Abundance of large acidophilic granules staining intensely pink or red
Phagocytize antigen and antibody complex
increase with allergies
may mediate chronic inflammation
Basophils
less that 1 percent circulating WBC
Specific granules that stain intensely purple
responsible for Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction and Anaphylaxis
Lymphocytes
intensely staining spherical nucleus with thin pale blue rim of cytoplasm
T cells: cell mediated immunity
B-cells: plasma cells that make Abs
Natural killer cells: kill virus infected and or tumor cells
Monocytes
Larges of WBCs
indented horseshoe shaped nucleus w/paler cytoplasm
in blood=monocyte macrophage osteoblasts kupffer cells in liver microgila in brain
Thrombocytes
small membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments
derived from megakaryocyte
contain granules that release platelet specific proteins that function in controlling blood loss and hemostasis
Bands
immature neutrophils with banded nucleus
found in with increase in myeloid proliferation
due to serious bacterial infection or cancer
