Foot

Question 1

How are the arches of the foot maintained

Answer 1

plantar fascia, lig.s, suspension, shapes of bones(talus, calcaneus, navicular. cuneiforms,1-3rd metatarsals).

Question 2

which bones are located at top of following arches:: transveerse, medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal

Answer 2

transverse: intermediate cuneiform
medial longitudinal: talus
Lateral longitudinal: cuboid

Question 3

Pes planus and cavus, what are they and why do they occur

Answer 3

planus=fallen arch, stretch of lig,+tendon, strain on bone and muscles
cavus=muscular imbalance e.g. muscle weakness+strongness. Strain tendon

Question 4

What does plantar fasciitis involve

Answer 4

heel pain, predominantly in morning ir affter rest, worse with prolonged standing

Question 5

what are the ligaments used for arch support and where are they located

Answer 5

spring ligament, short plantar ligament, long plantar ligament, dorsotalonavicular ligament, dorso =calcaneocuboid lig, bifurcate lig.,

Question 6

What are the tendons used for arch support

Answer 6

Fibularis longus=transverse arch support, grooves come down from behind lateral malleolous and attach to medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Tibialis anterior and posterior=supports medial longitudinal arch, ant. attach to base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform, post. attach to navicular tuberosity

Question 7

How do the arterial supply of dorsum of foot supplied

Answer 7

Posterior tibial->medial plantar and lateral plantar artery
Anterior tibial->dorsalis pedis (which has branches to lateral tarsal artery, dorsal metatarsal artery, common digital artery)

Question 8

Which muscles responsible for abducting toes and from which toe does abduction occur

Answer 8

abductor halluciss, abductior digit, abduct+adduct from and to 2nd digit (sole of foot)

Question 9

which muscles are responsible for pulling toe apart and bringing toes together

Answer 9

pull apart=first dorsal interosseous muscle

together=third plantar interosseous

Question 10

Give examples of forefoot pathologies

Answer 10

claw toe=hyperextension metatarsal phalangeal and hyperflexion of proximal interphalangeal joint
mallet toe==hyperflexion distal phalangeal joint
hammer toe=hyperflexion proximal interphalangeal joint and hyperextension of distal phalangeal joint. rubs so callous forms
curly toe=unusual congenital development of flexor muscle, digit 3-5 affected

Question 11

Hallux valgus what

Answer 11

callous formation on big toe, bursa=bunion

Question 12

Describe the nerves of the foot and its origin

Answer 12

On sole side, tibial nerve splits into calcaneous n., medial and lateral plantar n.
Dorsum of foot supplied by superficial (starts more lateral) and deep fibular n. (more medial)

Question 13

Draw and label which nerve suppply which area or dorsal and plantar surface of feet

Answer 13

ref. notes
Dorsal: saphenous (L4), superficial fibular (L4+5), deep fibular nerve, sural nerve (S1)
Plantar: tibial, sural, saphenous, medial plantar, mediaal lateral

Question 14

Veins in foot

Answer 14

Great and small saphenous vein join together on dorsal venous arch. Great saphenous vein arises from femoral vein at saphenous opening whereas small saphenous arises when politeal vein pierces deep fasica and becomes small saphenous