Foot

Question 1

Where is the weight distributed in the foot when standed compared to when walking?

Answer 1

Standing: mainly the calcaneus and the heads of the metatarsals

Walking: little calcaneus, 5th tuberosity of metatarsal base, head of 1st metatarsal, big toe

Question 2

What does the plantar aponeurosis attach to in the foot and what is extremely important of the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 2

Attaches to tendon sheaths around the toes

passive support for the arches of the foot

Question 3

What is plantar fasciitis and what can it lead to?

Answer 3

inflammation in the area at the calcaneus, caused but running/ overweight, leads to heel spur/ bony process because calcaneus rubs up again the bursa in the foot, causing bone growth

Question 4

What muscles are on the dorsum of the foot? (2)

Answer 4

Extensor hallucis brevis M

Extensor digitorum brevis M (lateral branch of deep fibular)

Question 5

Plantar: first layer of muscles (3)?

Answer 5

Abductor digiti minimi M
Flexor digitorum brevis M
Abductor hallucis

Question 6

Plantar muscles: second layer? (2)

Answer 6

Quadratus Plantae M ***** important remember

Lumbrical Mm

Question 7

What is so important of the quadratus plantae M?

Answer 7

It straightens out the line of pull of the lumbricals, without it, the digits would be pulled laterally

Question 8

Plantar muscles : third layer (3)?

Answer 8

Flexor digiti minimi brevis M
Adductor Hallucis M (transverse/oblique head)
Flexor Hallucis Brevis M

Question 9

Plantar muscles: fourth layer (2)?

Answer 9

three plantar interossei Mm
four dorsal interossei Mm
(can see fibularis longus and tibialis posterior tendons)

Question 10

What is hallux valgus and what happens?

Answer 10

When the great toe is laterally deviated. can form bunions (tender inflammed bursa), corns, calluses over PIPs (can displace sesamoid bones laterally as well)

Question 11

What is mallet toe?

Answer 11

flexion in the distal IP joint

Question 12

What is hammer toe?

Answer 12

MTP hyper extended, PIP phalanx flexed, distal phalanx extended

Question 13

What is claw toe?

Answer 13

extension at MP joint, flexion at both proximal and distal IP joints

Question 14

what is trigger toe?

Answer 14

extend MP, flex IP

Question 15

What cuases mallet, hammer claw and trigger toe?

Answer 15

due to shortened flexor muscles which can override lumbrical function

Question 16

What does the tibial N divide into on the soles of the feet?

Answer 16

medial and lateral plantar Ns

Question 17

which toes does the medial plantar N innervate?

Answer 17

medial 3.5 toes

Question 18

What is innervated by the medial plantar N? (4)

Answer 18

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
medial one lumbrical
flexor hallucis brevis

Question 19

What is innervated by the lateral plantar N? (6)

Answer 19

abductor digiti minimi
quadratus plantae
lateral 3 lumbricals
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
interossei