Foot

Question 1

what is the largest and strongest bone of the foot?

Answer 1

Calcaneus - transmits majority of body weight to ground

Question 2

what is the sustentaculum tali?

Answer 2

supports head of talus and groove on inferior surface of flexor hallucis longus tendon

Question 3

what type of joint is the ankle considered?

Answer 3

Synovial Hinge Joint

• Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
• Inversion and eversion take place at tarsal joints NOT at ankle joint

Question 4

Name the three articulations that form the ankle joint

Answer 4

Inferior surface of distal tibia with talus
Medial malleolus of tibia with talus
Lateral malleolus of fibula with talus

Question 5

in what position is the ankle joint the most stable?

Answer 5

dorsiflexed and wider surface of talus moves into ankle joint
(more so than when foot is plantarflexed and narrower part of talus is in joint)

Question 6

name the subdivisions of the medial deltoid ligament

Answer 6

Tibionavicular
Tibiocalcaneal
Anterior tibiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar

Question 7

What motion does the medial deltoid ligament prevent?

Answer 7

Prevents overeversion of foot and helps maintain medial longitudinal arch

Question 8

Name the subdivisions of the Lateral ligament

Answer 8

Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular

Question 9

What motion does the lateral ligament resist?

Answer 9

Resists inversion of the foot

Ligament torn in ankle sprain

Question 10

What type of joint is the Subtalar (Talocalcaneal) Joint considered?

Answer 10

Planar, synovial joint

Inferior surface of body of talus articulates with superior surface of calcaneus

Question 11

What types of movements do the Subtalar joints allow?

Answer 11

Allows inversion and eversion of foot

Question 12

What type of joint is the talocalcaneonavicular joint considered?

Answer 12

Ball (head of talus) and socket joint (calcaneus and navicular)

Question 13

What types of movements do the talocalcaneonavicular joints allow?

Answer 13

Allows inversion and eversion

Question 14

What type of joint is the calcaneocuboid Joint considered?

Answer 14

Planar, synovial joint between anterior end of calcaneus and posterior surface of cuboid

Question 15

what types of movements do the calcaneocuboid joints allow?

Answer 15

Allows inversion and eversion

Question 16

What two joints are considered transverse talar joints?

Answer 16

Talonavicular part of talocalcaneonavicular joint

Calcaneocuboid joint

Question 17

What type of joint is the cuneonavicular joint considered? and how much movement, if any occurs at this joint?

Answer 17

Planar, synovial joints

Little movement occurs

Question 18

What type of joint is the Tarsometatarsal joint considered? and how much movement, if any occurs at this joint?

Answer 18

Planar, synovial

Limited gliding or sliding movements

Question 19

What type of joint is the Metatarsophalangeal joint considered? and how much movement, if any occurs at this joint?

Answer 19

Condyloid synovial joints

Allows extension and flexion, some abduction, adduction and circumduction

Question 20

What type of joint is the Interphalangeal joint considered? and how much movement, if any occurs at this joint?

Answer 20

Hinge synovial joints

Allow flexion and extension

Question 21

What muscles help to strengthen the Medial Longitudinal Arch

Answer 21

Strengthened by tibialis anterior and fibularis longus tendon

Question 22

What structure is the “keystone” of the Medial Longitudinal arch? What is this arch used for?

Answer 22

Higher than lateral longitudinal arch

Talar head is keystone of arch

Primarily weight-bearing

Question 23

What is the purpose of the Lateral Longitudinal Arch? When is this structure flattened to the ground?

Answer 23

Flatter and rests on ground during standing

Provides balance

Question 24

What two muscles help to maintain the curvature of the Transverse arch?

Answer 24

Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior help maintain curvature of arch

Question 25

What are the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot innervated by?

Answer 25

deep fibular nerve

Question 26

what are the plantar intrinsic muscles of the foot innervated by?

Answer 26

medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 27

What supplies the dorsal part of the foot with blood?

Answer 27

dorsalis pedis

Question 28

What supplies the plantar part of the foot with blood?

Answer 28

medial and leteral plantar arteries

Question 29

What are the intrinsic muscles of the dorsal part of the foot?

Answer 29

digitorum brevis | extensor hallucis brevis

Question 30

how many muscle layers make up the plantar side of the foot?

Answer 30

4

Question 31

In the plantar part of the foot, what muscles are considered layer I?

Answer 31

Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digitorum brevis

Question 32

In the plantar part of the foot, what muscles are considered layer II?

Answer 32

Quadratus plantae | lumbricales (FDL and FHL tendons)

Question 33

In the plantar part of the foot, what muscles are considered layer III?

Answer 33

Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi adductor halllucis

Question 34

In the plantar part of the foot, what muscles are considered layer IV?

Answer 34

``` Plantar interossei Dorsal interossei (tendons of PL and TP are also found) ```

Question 35

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Answer 35

O: Calcaneus I: Extensor tendons of digits 2-4 Fx: Extends digits 2-4 nn: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

Question 36

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

Answer 36

O: Calcaneus I: Dorsal aspect of base of digit 1 Fx: Extends digit 1 Nn: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

Question 37

Abductor Hallucis

Answer 37

O: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus I: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of digit 1 Fx:Abducts and flexes digit 1 Nn: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Question 38

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Answer 38

O:Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus I:Both sides of middle phalanges of digits 2-5 Nn: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Flexes digits 2-5

Question 39

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Answer 39

O: Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit Nn: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Abducts and flexes digit 5

Question 40

Quadratus Plantae

Answer 40

O: Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneous I: Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus Nn: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing digits 2-5

Question 41

Lumbricals

Answer 41

O: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus I: Medial aspect of expansion of digits 2-5 Nn: 1st lumbrical: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Lumbrical 2-4: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Question 42

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Answer 42

O: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms I: Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of digit 1 Nn: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Flexes proximal phalanx of digit 1

Question 43

Adductor Hallucis

Answer 43

O: Oblique Head- bases of metatarsals 2-4 Transverse Head- plantar ligaments of MP joints I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of digit 1 Nn: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Adduct digit 1, assists in transverse arch of foot

Question 44

Flexor Digit Minimi Brevis

Answer 44

O: Base of 5th metatarsal I: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit Nn: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Question 45

Plantar Interossei

Answer 45

O:Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5 I: Medial sides of bases of phalanges 3-5 Nn: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Adducts digits 2-4

Question 46

Dorsal Interossei

Answer 46

O: Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5 I: 1st dorsal interossei - medial side of proximal phalanx of digit 2 2nd-4th dorsal interossei - lateral sides of digits 2-4 Nn: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Fx: Abducts digits 2-4