Food bioactives (functional foods Flashcards
define functional foods
foods that perform a health function
supporting argument for every food being functional
all foods contain functional nutrients
-energy released during digestion
-some converted into bioactive molecules
Invest australia definition
food or food components that may provide demonstrated phsyiological benefit or reduce risk of chronic disease, above and beyond basic nutritional functions
IFT definition
food or food ocmponent that provide a healthy benefit above and beyond basic nutrition (for intended population).
provide essential nutrients beyond quantities needed for normal/basic requirements
IFT examples of functional foods
conventional foods; fortified, enriched, or enahanced: and dietary supplements
reasons for interest in functional foods (6)
-aging population
-increased lifestyle related health issues
-health and beauty industry
-advances in science and technology
-cost of healthcare
-growing market for foods with health benefit
3 types of functional foods
inherently healthy
added bioactive compound
developed to deliver desired health outcome
example of inherently healthy food
kiwifruit, carrot
-most foods fit into this
example of added bioactive
margarine with added plant sterols
fortification
specifically designed for health benefit example
supplements: collagen
examples of functional food classes
nutraceuticals
probiotics
prebiotics
synbiotics
psychobiotics
what are nutraceuticals
bioactive chemicals derived from food but taken as a supplement at much higher concentration
why are nutraceuticals taken at a much higher concentration
make up for losses in accessibility, digestion, absorption and metabolism
examples of nutraceuticals
supplements
-vitamins
-minerals
-omega 3
-digestive support
what is a probiotic
live micro-organism that confer health benefit when consumes in adequate amounts
what elie metchnikoff notices
peasants that consume yoghurt lived longer
FDA acronyms for safe food products
GRAS
EFSA (euro) acronym for safe food products
QPS
qualified presumption of safety
GRAS and QPS requirements for probiotics
alive
not resistant to antibiotics
metabolic activities need to be checked
no adverse affects
cant produce a mammalian toxin
not heamolytic
why do metabolic activities need to be checked for probiotics
to make sure they are producing compounds that cant be metabolised or toxic to humans
-i.e. D form of molecules
examples of probiotics
lactobacillus
bifidobacterium
streptococcus
enterococcus
bacillus coagulans
saccharomyces boulardii
benefits of probiotics
bacteriocin production (antibiotic)
increased cytokine secretion (immunity)
amino & organic acid, vitamin synthesis
promotion of mineral absorption
modulates lactose intolerance
controls antibioitc-associated nausea and diarrhoea
side effects of probiotics
digestive: bloating or gas
immune system over stimulation (unhealthy metabolic activities)
what is a prebiotic
non-viable food component that confers health benefit on the host associated with modulation of microbiota
purpose of prebiotics
induce growth/activity of probiotics
metabolic mechanisms of resistant starch
starch enters large intestine and undergoes digestions-> resistant starch then undergoes bacterial fermentation to produce short chain fatty acids (butyrate) which decreases pH in intestine
how many types of resistant starch are there
4
describe RS1
physically inaccessible, non-digestible matrix
example of RS1
whole or partly milled grains and seeds
Describe RS2
tightly packed, ungelatinised starch granules
example of RS2
raw potato starch
green bananas
high-amylose cornstarch
describe RS3
retrograded starch
examples of RS3
cooked and cooled potato, bread and pudding
describe RS4
chemically modified starch
examples of RS4
etherised, esterified or cross-bonded starches (used in processed foods)
examples of pre biotics
beta glucan
arabinogalactan (larch) and arabinoxylan (wheat)
galacto-oligosaccharides
inulin
HMOs
what are HMO
human milk oligosaccharides
-diverse glass of unconjugated glycans
fucosyllactose & sialyllactose
health functions of HMOs
prebiotic (for bifidus growth)
adhesive antimicrobials
intestnal epithelial cell modulators
immune modulators
brain development
modulators of leukocytes
what are synbiotics
combines pre and probiotic
what are psychobiotics
produces health benefit in patients with psychiatric or neurological illnesses
outcome of ‘assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation in rats and human subjects
probitoic treated participants (PTP) showed a significant decline in self-reported negative mood and distress
decrease in urinary free cortisol in PTP (reduced stress)
no evidence of dysfunction in learning and memory
no addiction induced, safety with no cognitive impairment
functional foods involved in GI health
pro, pre, symbiotics and fibres
functional foods involved in cognitive and neurodegenerative diseases
flavonoids, omega 3, selenium
functional foods involved in cardiometabolic syndrome
polyphenols, dietary fibres
functional foods involved in CVD
polyphenols, omega 3 and plant sterols
functional foods involved in cancer prevention
carotenoids, organosulfur and phenolic compounds
areas of research required for functional foods
isolation and extraction techniques
formulation techniques to retain bioactive properties
biological properties tests and range of concentrations for action
improving bioavailability and bioaccessibility elucidating the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/tox) profile
goals of regulation
consumers are reliably informed
safety assessment (public health)
claims FDA allows
a developing relationship between components in the diet and reduced risk of disease, as reviewed by the FDA and supported by the weight of credible scientific research
claims the EFSA allows
nutrition claim: beneficial nutritional properties (low fat etc)
health: health benefit can result from consumption (reinforce bodies natural defences)
what FSANZ allow
nutrient content claims, nutrient function claims but no health claims
need to know if marketing func foods
changing consumer needs and interest
science of functional foods
regulatory guidelines
issues needed to be addressed with func foods
organoleptic qualities - > consumer acceptance
safety and stability
packaging and storage conditions that preserve biological action
stakeholders in functional food development
researchers
manufacturers
consumers
regulators
