Food bioactives enzymes Flashcards
bioactive molecule classes
micro
macro
types of micro molecules
micro-minerals
secondary metabolites
types of micro-minerals
se, zn, iron, Co
types of secondary metabolites
phytochemicals
types of macromolecules
proteins
carbohydrates
lipid
types of protiens
peptidesq
types of carbohydrates
oligosacchrides
types of lipids
fatty acids
what bioactive compounds require enzyme action to be formed or released from parent molecule
peptides, oligosaccharides and fatty acids
examples of proteins
MILK caseins
peptides produced from milk casein
IPP (leu-pro-pro) and VPP val-pro-pro)
enzyme that hydrolysises casein into IPP and VPP
proteases
carbohydrate that gets broken down into oligosaccharide
lactose
what does lactose get broken down into
galactose and glucose
what happed with the galactose to become a bioactive oligosaccharide
transgalactosylation
knit a single galactose to a lactose unit to become a galacto-trisaccharide
-galactose units continue to be attached to become oligo
how are lipids turned into bioactive fatty acids
lipases break triglycerides into glycerol + free fatty acids
define bioactive proteins and peptides
specfic protein fragments that have the ability to impart a physiological measurable biological affect resulting a positive impact on the body functions and ultimately influence health
types of bioactive peptides
GI
Cardiovascular
nervous system
immune
describe bioactive peptides
BPs are inactive in parent molecule but upon release become active
-2-20 amino acids long and type and sequence determines bioactive property
functions of GI peptides
mineral chelation
satiety control
anti-microbial
opiod
functions of CV peptides
anti-hypertensive
antioxidative
antithrombotic
hypocholesterolemic
function of Nervous system peptides
opioid
antagonistic activities
agonistic
agnostic vs antagonistic
agonist will simulate intended reaction
antagonist will bind to receptor slowing reaction
function of immune system peptides
anti-microbial
immunomodulatory
cytomodulartory
protein sources for bioactive peptides
chicken, maize, milk, egg, flaxseed, plant
enzymes used in protein hydrolysis
thermolysin
papain
chymotrypsin
pepsin
what is ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
food application properties of peptides
antimicrobial
antioxidant
emulsifer
antihypertensive
immunomodulatory
functional food and nutraceutical application property for peptides
antihypertensive
immunostimulatory/immunomodulatory
area of application for peptides
natural preservative
marketing
immuno nutrition
therapeutic products
pharmaceutical and health application property of peptides
antithrombotic
antihypertensive: cancer cell toxicity
anorexic
anti-diabetic
application area of peptides in pharamaceticals
anti anxiety
weight control
improved glucose transport
example of bioactive peptides ACE
IPP and VPP
antagonistic behaviour works as a ACE inhibitor to lower BP and increase blood to the heart
role of ACE in body
to contract coronary arteries and control blood flow to the heart
synthetic ACE inhibitor and side effects
captopril
rashes and cough
casein phosphopeptide structure
serin(p)-serin-(p)-serin(p)-glu-glu
casein phosphopeptide bioactivity
carrier for calcium, phosphate and fluorine
-promotes tooth remineralisation
application of casein phosphopetide
tooth mousse and chewing gums
feature of antimicrobial peptides
short and cationic
features of ACE inhibition peptides
proline at C terminal, valine and hydrophobic amino acids
features of immunomodulation peptides
Prescence of glycine
features of antioxidant peptides
small MW, prescense of histadine, cysteine, AA with aromatic residues
AA with aromatic residues
tryptophan
tyrosine
glycine
proline
histadine
how to make a bioactive peptide at home
mash green kiwi and extract juice
mix juice with milk in warm place for couple hrs
bitter=bioactive peptides
examples of secondary metabolites
caretnoids
phytosterols
coenzyme Q10
taurine
curcumin
sources of carotenoids
carrots, pumpkin
orange f and V
sources of phytosterols
nuts, vegetable oils, avo
sources of coenzyme10
meat (offal)
sources of taurine
fish and meat
uses of taurine
energy drinks
osmolite and nervous system depressor
sources of curcumin
tumeric
uses of curcumin
food colouring
limitation of curcumin
colour is based on pH
classes of bioactive phytochemicals
phenolic compounds
alkaloids
organ sulphur compounds
phytosterols
carotenoids
N-containing compounds
examples of phenolic compounds
polyphenols
monophenols
aromatic acid
phenylethanoids
others
examples of polyphenols
lignans
flavonoids
isoflavonoids
tannins
stillbenoids
flavonolignans
curcuminoids
types of tannins
pyrogallol-type tannins
falvono-ellagitannins
phlorotannins
condensed tannins
describe plant phenolic compounds
very diverse, found in all plants
produced from reaction between phophoenolpyruvate and erythorose-4-phosphate (shikimate pathway)
produce in response to stress
polyphenol features required to have anti-cancer properties
aromatic ring
no. and position of free hydroxyl groups
unsaturated fatty acid chain
sources of phenolic acid
tea leaves, grapes, flax seed, tomatoes
sources of stilbenes
grapes, blueberries, red wine
sources of flavonoids
soybean, hazelnuts, celery, oregano, grapefruit, oranges
sources of lignans
flax seed
sesame seed
sources of coumarins
cinnamon
sources of tannins
apple, grape seed and skin, raspberry
sources of phenylethanoids
olive leaf and oil
health application of polyphenols
anti-cancer
anti-tumor
anti-inflammatory effects
protection againest CVD
herbal drugs and dietary supplements
food application of polyphenols
natural anti-oxidant
(BHT and BHA replacement)
natural anti-microbial
