FOOD AND ENERGY REQUIREMENT Flashcards
What is food?
Physiologicallyfood is what is consumed to supply energy
What is included in a diet?
All components an organism consumes including nutrients and water.
What are macronutrients?
Carbohydrates (CHOs) lipids
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals.
What is energy in the context of food?
The capacity to do work measured in calories or joules
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The energy required for involuntary activities like cellular ion transport brain and heart activities
How is BMR calculated?
BMR = 24 kcal × weight (kg).
What is total metabolism?
The sum of all metabolic processes needed to sustain life including basal needs and physical activities.
What is the equation for energy and nutrient balance?
Energy and nutrient intake = expenditure + changes in stored energy and nutrients.
What are the aims of establishing energy and nutrient requirements?
To maintain appropriate body weight physical activity
What is the primary energy source in the body?
Carbohydrates supplying about 50-60% of energy needs.
What are the two classes of dietary carbohydrates?
Complex (e.g. starch
What is the energy yield of carbohydrates?
4 kcal/g or 17 kJ/g.
What are lipids?
Fats and fat-like substances including triglycerides
What is the energy yield of lipids?
9 kcal/g or 37 kJ/g.
What are the functions of lipids?
Energy storage cell membrane structure
What percentage of daily caloric intake should lipids constitute?
Below 30% with at least 10% from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
What are proteins?
Polymers of amino acids that provide structural components enzymes
What is the energy yield of proteins?
4 kcal/g or 17 kJ/g.
What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein in adults?
0.6-0.8 g/kg body weight per day; higher during pregnancy.
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet (e.g. lysine
What is the difference between first-class and second-class proteins?
First-class proteins (animal sources) contain all essential amino acids; second-class proteins (plant sources) do not.
What are vitamins?
Biologically active organic compounds essential for growth development
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A D
