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BLOCK POSTING 2 > Aplastic Anaemia > Flashcards

Aplastic Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Aplastic anemia is a rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient blood cells.

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3
Q

What are the main types of blood cells affected in aplastic anemia?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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4
Q

What are the common symptoms of aplastic anemia?

A

Fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising, bleeding gums, and shortness of breath.

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5
Q

What are the common causes of aplastic anemia?

A

Autoimmune disorders, exposure to toxins, certain medications, infections like hepatitis, and genetic conditions.

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6
Q

What is the role of bone marrow in aplastic anemia?

A

Bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, and in aplastic anemia, it becomes damaged or suppressed.

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7
Q

Which diagnostic tests are used to confirm aplastic anemia?

A

Complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow biopsy, and reticulocyte count.

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8
Q

What is the hallmark finding in a bone marrow biopsy for aplastic anemia?

A

Hypocellular bone marrow with fatty replacement.

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9
Q

What is the first-line treatment for severe aplastic anemia in young patients?

A

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

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10
Q

What is the preferred treatment for aplastic anemia in patients who are not candidates for transplantation?

A

Immunosuppressive therapy, such as antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine.

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11
Q

What supportive care measures are used in aplastic anemia?

A

Blood transfusions, infection prevention, and management of bleeding risks.

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12
Q

What is the prognosis for untreated severe aplastic anemia?

A

Poor prognosis, with high risk of death due to infections or bleeding.

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13
Q

How does aplastic anemia differ from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?

A

Aplastic anemia involves bone marrow failure without dysplasia, while MDS shows dysplastic changes in marrow cells.

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14
Q

What are the complications of aplastic anemia?

A

Infections, bleeding, iron overload from transfusions, and progression to leukemia.

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15
Q

Which viral infections are associated with aplastic anemia?

A

Hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and parvovirus B19.

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16
Q

What is the role of eltrombopag in aplastic anemia treatment?

A

Eltrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist used to stimulate blood cell production in refractory cases.

17
Q

What genetic condition is strongly associated with aplastic anemia?

A

Fanconi anemia, a rare inherited disorder leading to bone marrow failure.

18
Q

What is the role of HLA typing in aplastic anemia?

A

HLA typing is used to find a suitable donor for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

19
Q

Which environmental exposures are risk factors for aplastic anemia?

A

Benzene, radiation, and pesticides are known risk factors.

20
Q

How does pregnancy relate to aplastic anemia?

A

Aplastic anemia can rarely occur in pregnancy due to immune-mediated mechanisms.

21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia?

A

Immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells or direct injury to the bone marrow.

22
Q

What is the difference between inherited and acquired aplastic anemia?

A

Inherited aplastic anemia is due to genetic conditions like Fanconi anemia, while acquired cases are triggered by external factors or autoimmune mechanisms.

23
Q

What is a common finding in the peripheral blood smear of a patient with aplastic anemia?

A

Pancytopenia with no abnormal cells.

24
Q

Why is iron overload a concern in patients with aplastic anemia?

A

Repeated blood transfusions can lead to excess iron, which damages organs like the liver and heart.

25
Q

What role do corticosteroids play in the management of aplastic anemia?

A

Corticosteroids are sometimes used to manage serum sickness related to ATG therapy.

26
Q

What laboratory test can help differentiate aplastic anemia from pure red cell aplasia?

A

Reticulocyte count; pure red cell aplasia affects only red cells, while aplastic anemia affects all lineages.

27
Q

What is the most common cause of death in patients with aplastic anemia?

A

Infections due to neutropenia.

28
Q

What are the indications for starting growth factors like G-CSF in aplastic anemia?

A

G-CSF is used to increase neutrophil count in certain cases, especially when there are recurrent infections.

29
Q

What is the typical age distribution of aplastic anemia?

A

It has a bimodal distribution, commonly affecting teenagers/young adults and those over 60.

30
Q

What are some common differential diagnoses of aplastic anemia?

A

Myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), and vitamin B12/folate deficiency.

31
Q

How is paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) linked to aplastic anemia?

A

PNH can coexist with aplastic anemia, as both involve bone marrow failure and immune dysfunction.

BLOCK POSTING 2 (11 decks)

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