CVS INFECTIONS Flashcards
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What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
The heart, blood, and blood vessels.
What are the layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium (visceral pericardium), myocardium (muscle layer), and endocardium (inner layer).
What is myocarditis?
Inflammation of the myocardium, often associated with viral infection and lymphocyte infiltration.
What are common viruses causing myocarditis?
Coxsackie B3 and B5, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, HIV, SARS-CoV-2.
What bacteria and fungi can cause myocarditis?
Brucella species, Haemophilus influenzae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Aspergillus species.
What is the treatment for myocarditis?
Management of heart failure; prognosis depends on symptom duration.
What is acute pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium caused by infections (e.g., Coxsackievirus, tuberculosis) or non-infectious factors (e.g., trauma, uraemia).
What is infective endocarditis?
Microbial infection of heart valves or endocardium, often forming vegetations on valves.
What are common causes of infective endocarditis?
Viridans Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Enterococci, HACEK group bacteria, and fungi like Candida.
What is the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis?
Requires valve damage, turbulent blood flow, fibrin/platelet deposition, and seeding of bacteria from bacteremia.
What are the Duke criteria for diagnosing infective endocarditis?
2 major criteria, 1 major and 3 minor criteria, or 5 minor criteria.
What are complications of infective endocarditis?
Heart failure, perivalvular abscess, stroke, embolism, and mycotic aneurysms.
What is the treatment principle for infective endocarditis?
Bactericidal intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks, surgery if necessary.
What is Lemierre’s syndrome?
Septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein, usually caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum.
What is rheumatic fever?
An immune-mediated post-streptococcal sequela causing damage to the heart, associated with M protein cross-reactivity.
What is Chagas disease?
A condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted by the reduviid bug, leading to chronic cardiomyopathy.
What is endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF)?
A tropical disease causing endocardial fibrosis, often associated with eosinophilia and helminth infections.
What is cardiovascular syphilis?
A tertiary stage of syphilis causing aortitis, aortic root dilation, and aortic valve insufficiency.
What are the clinical features of subacute infective endocarditis?
Fatigue, fever, weight loss, and peripheral signs like splinter hemorrhages and Osler’s nodes.
What is the characteristic peripheral manifestation of acute infective endocarditis?
Janeway lesions caused by embolic phenomena.
What are Roth spots?
White-centered retinal hemorrhages, seen in infective endocarditis and other conditions.
What organisms are in the HACEK group?
Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella kingae.
What is the best method to diagnose infective endocarditis?
Blood cultures and echocardiography.
What are the indications for surgery in infective endocarditis?
Persistent bacteremia, recurrent embolism, severe valvular dysfunction, myocardial abscess, or fungal infection.
What are mycotic aneurysms?
Aneurysms caused by infection of the arterial wall, often a complication of infective endocarditis.
What is septic thrombophlebitis?
Infection of a vein with thrombosis, caused by indwelling catheters, postpartum infections, or Fusobacterium species.
