EXANTHEMS ENANTHEMS

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

What is an exanthem?

Answer 2

A skin rash caused by an infectious disease or other systemic condition.

Question 3

What are the six classic exanthems?

Answer 3

1. Measles (Rubeola) 2. Scarlet Fever 3. Rubella (German Measles) 4. Filatow-Dukes disease 5. Erythema infectiosum 6. Roseola infantum.

Question 4

What is the causative agent of measles?

Answer 4

Paramyxovirus (Morbillivirus), an enveloped, negative-sense ssRNA virus.

Question 5

What are Koplik’s spots?

Answer 5

Pathognomonic enanthem for measles; white spots on buccal mucosa, appearing 1–2 days before rash.

Question 6

What is the incubation period for measles?

Answer 6

7–14 days.

Question 7

How is measles transmitted?

Answer 7

By respiratory droplets and direct contact with secretions; highly contagious.

Question 8

What are the clinical features of measles during the prodrome?

Answer 8

Miserable fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and Koplik’s spots.

Question 9

Describe the rash in measles.

Answer 9

Maculopapular rash starting behind the ears, spreading cranio-caudally; rarely involves palms or soles.

Question 10

What laboratory tests are used for measles diagnosis?

Answer 10

IgM (acute), paired IgG, antigen/nucleic acid detection, and virus isolation.

Question 11

What are complications of measles?

Answer 11

Respiratory (pneumonia, otitis media), neurological (encephalitis, SSPE), skin (black measles), and malnutrition.

Question 12

What is SSPE?

Answer 12

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a rare and fatal complication of measles occurring years after infection.

Question 13

What is the treatment for measles?

Answer 13

Supportive care, NSAIDs, Vitamin A supplementation, and antibiotics for secondary infections.

Question 14

What vaccines are available for measles prevention?

Answer 14

Measles vaccine, MMR (Measles-Mumps-Rubella), and MMRV (with varicella).

Question 15

What is erythema infectiosum and its causative agent?

Answer 15

Also known as fifth disease, caused by Parvovirus B19.

Question 16

What are the clinical features of erythema infectiosum?

Answer 16

Slapped cheek rash, fever, and mild systemic symptoms.

Question 17

What is roseola infantum and its causative agent?

Answer 17

A sudden high fever followed by rash caused by Human Herpesvirus 6 or 7.

Question 18

What causes scarlet fever?

Answer 18

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus).

Question 19

What are the features of scarlet fever?

Answer 19

Strawberry tongue, sandpaper rash, fever, and pharyngitis.

Question 20

What are petechial and purpuric exanthems?

Answer 20

Rashes characterized by small red/purple spots caused by capillary bleeding.

Question 21

What are common agents causing petechial/purpuric exanthems?

Answer 21

Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and viral hemorrhagic agents like Parvovirus B19.

Question 22

What is Unilateral Laterothoracic Exanthem?

Answer 22

A new exanthem (first described in 1992) involving one side of the thorax.

Question 23

What are drug-related exanthems?

Answer 23

Rashes due to drug hypersensitivity, such as B-lactam antibiotics, presenting as morbilliform or maculopapular rashes.

Question 24

What are the types of exanthems based on morphology?

Answer 24

Erythematous maculopapular, vesicular, and petechial/purpuric exanthems.

Question 25

What are the main prevention strategies for exanthems?

Answer 25

Vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and hygiene precautions.