EXANTHEMS ENANTHEMS Flashcards
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What is an exanthem?
A skin rash caused by an infectious disease or other systemic condition.
What are the six classic exanthems?
- Measles (Rubeola) 2. Scarlet Fever 3. Rubella (German Measles) 4. Filatow-Dukes disease 5. Erythema infectiosum 6. Roseola infantum.
What is the causative agent of measles?
Paramyxovirus (Morbillivirus), an enveloped, negative-sense ssRNA virus.
What are Koplik’s spots?
Pathognomonic enanthem for measles; white spots on buccal mucosa, appearing 1–2 days before rash.
What is the incubation period for measles?
7–14 days.
How is measles transmitted?
By respiratory droplets and direct contact with secretions; highly contagious.
What are the clinical features of measles during the prodrome?
Miserable fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and Koplik’s spots.
Describe the rash in measles.
Maculopapular rash starting behind the ears, spreading cranio-caudally; rarely involves palms or soles.
What laboratory tests are used for measles diagnosis?
IgM (acute), paired IgG, antigen/nucleic acid detection, and virus isolation.
What are complications of measles?
Respiratory (pneumonia, otitis media), neurological (encephalitis, SSPE), skin (black measles), and malnutrition.
What is SSPE?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a rare and fatal complication of measles occurring years after infection.
What is the treatment for measles?
Supportive care, NSAIDs, Vitamin A supplementation, and antibiotics for secondary infections.
What vaccines are available for measles prevention?
Measles vaccine, MMR (Measles-Mumps-Rubella), and MMRV (with varicella).
What is erythema infectiosum and its causative agent?
Also known as fifth disease, caused by Parvovirus B19.
What are the clinical features of erythema infectiosum?
Slapped cheek rash, fever, and mild systemic symptoms.
What is roseola infantum and its causative agent?
A sudden high fever followed by rash caused by Human Herpesvirus 6 or 7.
What causes scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus).
What are the features of scarlet fever?
Strawberry tongue, sandpaper rash, fever, and pharyngitis.
What are petechial and purpuric exanthems?
Rashes characterized by small red/purple spots caused by capillary bleeding.
What are common agents causing petechial/purpuric exanthems?
Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and viral hemorrhagic agents like Parvovirus B19.
What is Unilateral Laterothoracic Exanthem?
A new exanthem (first described in 1992) involving one side of the thorax.
What are drug-related exanthems?
Rashes due to drug hypersensitivity, such as B-lactam antibiotics, presenting as morbilliform or maculopapular rashes.
What are the types of exanthems based on morphology?
Erythematous maculopapular, vesicular, and petechial/purpuric exanthems.
What are the main prevention strategies for exanthems?
Vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and hygiene precautions.
