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1
Q

What are functions of carbohydrates

A

Source of quickly available energy and fibre for metabolic activity

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2
Q

Give examples of disaccharides

A
  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • lactose
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3
Q

What are some sources of proteins?

A

Meat, fish, egg whites, milk and seeds

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4
Q

Give an example of an anabolic reaction

A

Photosynthesis, protein synthesis

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5
Q

What are triglycerides made up of

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids

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6
Q

What are the 5 elements in dissolved salts

A

Sodium, Chlorine, Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium

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7
Q

Give an example of a fat soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin D

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8
Q

What is the structural role of lipids?

A

Phospholipid as component of cell membranes, protective by insulation and cushioning

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9
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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10
Q

What elements are lipids made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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11
Q

What percentage of the human cell is water?

A

80%

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12
Q

What is the function of phospholipids and are they storage or structural?

A

They make up cell membranes - structural

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13
Q

What are some sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits, vegetables,

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14
Q

Where can animals get calcium from?

A

Milk and cheese

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15
Q

Explain the tes for protein

A
  1. Add distilled water to one test tube (control)
  2. Add a food sample eg. milk to another test tube
  3. Add a few drops of biuret solution to each
  4. The initial colour should be blue, turning to violet/purple if protein is present
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16
Q

What is the metabolic role of proteins?

A

Enzymes as biological catalysts, hormones as regulators of metabolic activity

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17
Q

Define enzyme

A

Biological catalyst, that changes the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction itself

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18
Q

What is the metabolic role of lipids?

A

Primary source of energy for metabolic activity

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19
Q

What are the three trace elements needed in small amounts

A

Iron, Copper and Zinc

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20
Q

Why do we need nitrogen?

A

To make proteins eg. enzymes and hormones for us

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21
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules and release energy in the process

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22
Q

What are the 6 common elements

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous and Sulfur

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23
Q

How are amino acids joined together?

A

Peptide bonds

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24
Q

What are two minerals needed by plants?

A

Calcium and Magnesium

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25
What is the function of calcium in plants?
Bind cell wall
26
What is the function of fibrous proteins and are they structural or storage?
Make up keratin in hair and nails - structural
27
Define polysaccharide
Macromolecules made up of many sugar units
28
What are some sources of lipids?
Butter, vegetable oil, cheese and nuts
29
Define metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions carried out by a living cell or organism
30
What is the function of globular proteins and are they structural or storage?
They make up enzymes - storage/metabolic
31
What are the basic units of lipids
Tryglycerides
32
What is the metabolic role of carbohydrates?
Primary source of energy for metabolic activity
33
What source do plants get their minerals from?
Soil
34
What are some reasons why water is so important for organisms?
* Component of cytoplasm and body fluid eg. blood and semen * Solvent - dissolves minerals eg. Na and Cl * Transports minerals, amino acids, glucose, hormones, CO2 and heat around body * Chemical reagent - Used in chemical reactions eg. digestion and photosynthesis * Supports cell shape eg. turgidity of plant cells * High heat capacity - holds a lot of heat and carries it around body * Slow to heat up and cool down - kept at fairly steady temperature
35
Give an example of a water soluble vitamin
Vitamin C
36
What elements are proteins made up of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. May contain sulfur and phosphorous
37
Explain the test for reducing sugar
1. Add distilled water to one test tube (control) 2. Add glucose to the other test tube 3. Add equal amounts of benedicts solution (one drop) to both 4. Heat them in water bath but do not boil them 5. Their initial colour should be blue, turning brick red if a reducing sugar is present
38
Define monosaccharide
A single sugar unit
39
What are disaccharides?
Two sugar units joined
40
Which two different complex shapes are proteins folded into?
Globular (highly folded) and fibrous (slightly or not folded)
41
Define hormone
Chemical messenger made in the endocrine gland transported to a target organ, causing an effect
42
What is the function of food?
Source of materials required to stay alive an reproduce
43
What is the function of iron in animals?
Develops hemoglobin (red blood cell pigment that carries oxygen)
44
What are some functions of lipids?
Component of cell membranes, storage of energy and heat insulation
45
Give an animal and plant example of a structural polysaccharide
Animal: Chitin in insect exoskeletons Plant: Cellulose in cell wall
46
What are the basic units of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
47
What is the function of vitamin D?
Helps absorb calcium from blood
48
What is the metabolic role of vitamins?
C and D required for tissue growth, cell production and health maintenance
49
Whats the difference between fats and oils
Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid at room temperature
50
Give a plant and an animal example of storage polysaccharides
Plant: Starch (amylose) in plants glucose reserve Animal: Glycogen in animals and fungi glucose reserve stored in skeletal muscle and liver
51
What is the function of vitamin C?
Develop connective tissue eg skin, blood vessels, bones, tendons, cartilage and ligaments
52
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
All reducing sugars * glucose * fructose * galactose * deoxyribose found in DNA * ribise found in RNA
53
What are two minerals needed by animals?
Calcium and iron
54
What does protein synthesis do?
Forms protein from amino acids
55
Explain test for lipids
1. Cut two pieces of brown paper 2. Add two drops of water to one 3. Add two drops of oil to another 4. Wait for them to dry 5. If there is a translucent stain on the paper after drying, it contains a lipid. If there is no translucent stain it is not a lipid
56
What is the structural role of proteins?
Fibrous proteins as keratin in hair, nails and skin, myosin in muscles
57
What is the function of magnesium in plants?
Develop chlorophyll (green pigment that traps light)
58
From what source can animals get iron?
Liver, meat, green veg
59
What are the basic units of protens
Amino acids
60
Explain test for starch
* Drop iodine onto food eg. bread * Drop iodine into a test tube containing distilled water (control) * The inital colour should be brown/red, turning blue/black if starch is present
61
What is the general formula for Carbohydrates
Cx(H20)y where the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 and x=y
62
What is the function of triglycerides and is it storage or structural?
Store energy and heat insulation - storage
63
What is the structural role of carbohydrates?
* Cellulose as component of plant cell walls * Chitin in insect exoskeleton
64
What is the function of calcium in animals?
Forms bones and teeth
65
What can be caused by a deficiency of vitamin C?
Scurvy
66
Where does protein synthesis take place?
Ribosomes
67
What are anabolic reactions ?
Reactions that use energy to build up more complex molecules out of simple molecules
68
From what sources can you get vitamin D?
Milk, cheese, sunshine
69
What can be caused by a deficiency of vitamin D?
Rickets, Osteomalica
70
What are some sources of carbohydrates
Bread, rice, pasta and sugars
71
What are phospholipids made up of?
Glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate
72
Are hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates?
Yes
73
Are hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio in lipids?
No

Biology (12 decks)

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