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Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell within a body

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2
Q

What is a catabolic reaction

A

A complex molecule is broken down into simpler ones with the release of energy

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3
Q

Give an animal example of a catabolic reaction

A

Respiration, digestion

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4
Q

Give a plant example of a catabolic reaction

A

Respiration

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5
Q

Give an example of an enzyme used in a catabolic reaction

A

Amylase

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6
Q

What is an anabolic reaction

A

Converts smaller molecules into more complex ones requiring energy

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7
Q

Give an animal example of an anabolic reaction

A

Protein synthesis, DNA replication

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8
Q

Give a plant example of an anabolic reaction

A

Photosynthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication

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9
Q

Give an example of an enzyme used in an anabolic reaction

A

DNA ligase, DNA polymerase

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10
Q

Give the formula for photosynthesis

A

CO2+H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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11
Q

Give the formula for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> H2O+CO2

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12
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Organic, chemical, metabolic, biological catalyst that speeds up or slows down the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction itself

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13
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction itself

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14
Q

What shape is an enzyme?

A

Globular - highly folded. 3D

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15
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance with which an enzyme reacts

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16
Q

What is a product?

A

The substance (s) the enzyme forms

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17
Q

Give an example of an catabolic reaction that uses an enzyme

A

Starch (substrate) is broken down by amylase (enzyme) into maltose (product)

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18
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity

A

Temperature and pH

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19
Q

What is a denatured enzyme

A

An enzyme that has permanently lost its shape and can no longer carry out it’s function

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20
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes in humans

A

37°

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21
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes in plants

A

20-30°

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22
Q

What is the optimum pH for enzymes

A

7

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23
Q

Name an enzyme that has a different optimum pH to the general optimum pH of enzymes

A

Pepsin - pH2. Works in stomach due to hydrochloric acid (HCI)

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24
Q

What does optimum mean?

A

What it works best at

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25
What group of biomolecules do enzymes belong to?
Proteins
26
How do enzymes work?
**Induced fit model** * Substrate combines with active site of enzyme which is a complementary shape * Active site changes shape to be a perfect fit for the substrate * Substrate and enzyme form enzyme-substrate complex * Bonds in substrate altered to form product * Product leaves active site * Enzyme is unchanged Draw diagram showing this
27
What is specificity?
An enzyme will react with on particular substrate
28
What is the full name for ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate
29
What are the characteristics of ADP
Unstable, low energy
30
What is the full name for ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
31
What is the function of ATP?
Stores and carries energy in chemical form
32
What are the advantage of ATP?
* High energy * Can be easily broken down * Easily reformed * Energy easily released
33
What is phosphorylation?
Adding a phosphate group
34
What is the full name for NADP+?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
35
Is NADP+ low energy or high energy
Low energy
36
What is NADP+ used in?
Photosynthesis
37
What is the function of NADPH?
* Carries electrons and protons (Hydrogen ions, H+)
38
What is the full name of NADPH?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen
39
What is the energy NADPH has used for?
To form glucose in photosynthesis
40
What is NADPH used in?
Photosynthesis
41
What is the full name of NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
42
Is NAD+ low or high energy?
Low energy
43
What is NAD+ used in?
Respiration
44
What is the full name of NADH?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen
45
What is NADH used in?
Respiration
46
What is the function of NADH?
Carries electrons and protons (Hydrogen ions, H+)
47
Does NADH have high energy or low energy?
High energy
48
What is the chemical formula for converting NAD+ into NADH
NAD+ + 2e- + H+ -> NADH
49
Which energy carriers used in photosynthesis are low energy?
ADP, NADP+
50
Which energy carriers used in photosynthesis are high energy?
ATP, NADPH
51
Which energy carriers used in respiration are low energy?
ADP, NAD+
52
Which energy carriers used in respiration are high energy?
ATP, NADH
53
What is the enzyme used to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on enzymes?
Catalase
54
Name the substrate used to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on enzymes
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
55
How is enzyme activity measured when investigating the effects of pH and temperature on enzymes
Measure the amount of froth/foam in graduated cylinder
56
What is the chemical equation for the action of catalase on H₂O₂?
H₂ O₂ -----> H₂O + ½O
57
What is a source of catalase?
Celery
58
Draw a detailed diagram of the set up of the experiment to test the effect of pH on enzyme activity
See notes
59
What variable is used when testing the effect of pH on enzyme activity?
pH buffer
60
What constants are used when testing the effect of pH on enzyme activity?
Temperature of water bath (25°C), mass of celery, volume of washing up liquid, volume of H₂O₂
61
How is enzyme activity measured when testing the effect of pH on enzyme activity?
The volume of froth formed after 2 minutes (per minute)
62
What is the optimum pH for enzymes?
7
63
Draw a graph to describe the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme activity
See notes
64
Draw a diagram of the set up of the experiment to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity
See notes
65
What variable is used to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
Temperature - temperature controlled water bath
66
What constants are used to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
pH buffer of 7, mass of celery, volume of washing up liquid, volume of H₂O₂
67
How is enzyme activity measured when testing the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
The amount of froth/foam formed after two minutes (per minute)
68
What is the optimum temperature for catalase in celery?
25°C
69
What is the function of a pH buffer?
To maintain a constant pH
70
Draw a diagram to show the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme activity
See notes
71
Draw a graph to represent the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme activity
See notes
72
What is the reaction used to examine the use of an immobilised enzyme
Sucrose --Sucrase(in yeast)-----> Glucose
73
How was the enzyme prepared for examination in your experiment to examine the use of immobilised enzymes?
* Yeast containing enzyme sucrase is mixed with sodium alginate which is used to immobilise the enzyme * A syringe is used to take up the immobilised sucrase and drop from a height into calcium chloride which is used to harden the beads
74
Explain how the use of immobilised enzymes was examined
* Beads are put into a separating funnel with sucrose (substrate) * Free yeast is put into a separating funnel with sucrose (acting as control) * Test product that drips into beaker using clinistix strip **Results:** Free yeast: Faster and less pure product Immobilised yeast: Slower and purer product
75
Define bioprocessing
Use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product
76
Define bioreactor
A vessel in which biological reactions occur
77
Define immobilised enzyme
Enzymes that are fixed/trapped in an inert gel material so they can't move
78
What are some advantages of immobilised enzymes?
* Can be reused * Can be recovered * More stability
79
What are some uses of immobilised enzymes?
* Used in soft drinks: Glucose isomerase used to produce fructose (sweetener) from glucose * Used to produce penicillin
80
Define active site
Part of the enzyme that combines with the substrate
81
Draw a diagram to show the preparation and examination of the use of immobilised enzymes
See notes
82
Draw a diagram to show the investigation of the effet of heat denaturation on enzyme activity
See notes
83
What variable is used in the investigation of the effect of heat denaturation on enzymes activity?
Boiled celery (denatured) vs unboiled celery (control)
84
What constants are used in the investigation of the effect of heat denaturation on enzymes activity
pH buffer of 7, mass of celery, volume of washing up liquid, temp, colume of H₂O₂
85
How is the effect of heat denaturation on enzyme activity investigated?
* Hydrogen peroxide is added to a graduated cylinder of washing up liquid, chopped boiled celery and a pH buffer of 5 in a water bath of 25°C * The same was done with chopped unboiled celery to act as a control * The volume of froth was recorded after two minutes **Results:** Boiled celery: No foam Unboiled celery: Some foam
86

Biology (12 decks)

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