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Dundee uni med > FOM week 6 > Flashcards

FOM week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in managing IgE-mediated allergic disorders?

A

Avoid allergens, such as pollen or pet hair.

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2
Q

What type of medications block mast cell activation?

A

Antihistamines.

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3
Q

What is used to treat severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis?

A

Adrenaline (EpiPen).

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4
Q

How does immunotherapy help in allergic disorders?

A

It re-educates the immune system through allergen desensitization.

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5
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues or organs.

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6
Q

What is the key failure in autoimmune diseases?

A

The immune system fails to distinguish self from non-self.

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7
Q

What is Type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

It involves antibodies targeting specific cells, leading to cell damage, often seen in autoimmune conditions.

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8
Q

Name an example of a disease caused by Type 2 hypersensitivity.

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Graves’ disease, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis, or Pemphigus vulgaris.

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9
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

The development of B cells from stem cells into lymphoid progenitors.

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10
Q

What is central tolerance in the immune system?

A

Self-reactive lymphocytes are identified and eliminated in primary lymphoid organs.

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11
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Regulatory T cells inactivate self-reactive T cells outside of central tolerance.

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12
Q

What genetic mutation causes IPEX syndrome?

A

A mutation in the FOXP3 gene.

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13
Q

What are HLA genes, and why are they important in autoimmunity?

A

Human leukocyte antigen genes play a significant role in autoimmune disease susceptibility.

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14
Q

Why are females more prone to autoimmune diseases?

A

Due to genetic differences and hormonal influences on immune function.

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15
Q

Give an example of an environmental trigger for autoimmune diseases.

A

Streptococcal infection leading to rheumatic fever.

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16
Q

How do superantigens contribute to toxic shock syndrome?

A

They non-specifically activate a wide array of T and B cells, including auto-reactive ones, causing systemic inflammation.

17
Q

What is the primary cause of Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complexes form and deposit in tissues, causing inflammation and damage.

18
Q

What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity from other types?

A

It is mediated by T cells, leading to direct tissue damage via delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

19
Q

What is immune deficiency?

A

A loss of immune system function, reducing the ability to fight infections.

20
Q

What are the two categories of immune deficiencies?

A

Primary (genetic) and secondary (acquired).

21
Q

What does SPUR stand for in diagnosing immune deficiencies?

A

Serious, Persistent, Unusual, and Recurrent infections.

22
Q

What is Severe Congenital Neutropenia?

A

A condition with severe neutropenia, recurrent infections, and accumulation of precursor cells in the bone marrow.

23
Q

What is Selective IgA Deficiency?

A

An antibody deficiency affecting mucosal immunity, leading to recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

24
Q

What is the hallmark of Hyper-IgM Syndrome?

A

High levels of IgM due to a defect in CD40L, preventing class switching in B cells.

25
Q

What is the most common form of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

A

X-linked SCID caused by a mutation in the IL-2 receptor.

26
Q

What is the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in immune tolerance?

A

They inactivate self-reactive T cells to prevent autoimmune reactions.

27
Q

How do Peyer’s Patches contribute to mucosal immunity?

A

They capture antigens via M cells and transport them to immune cells for initiating immune responses.

28
Q

What is the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the gastrointestinal mucosa?

A

They directly target and neutralize pathogens.

29
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Protection of a population when a sufficient percentage of individuals are vaccinated, preventing disease spread.

30
Q

What type of vaccine uses a weakened form of the pathogen?

A

Live attenuated vaccines.

31
Q

What type of vaccine generates immunity using parts of the pathogen?

A

Subunit vaccines.

32
Q

How do memory B cells contribute to immunological memory?

A

They produce high-affinity antibodies during secondary immune responses.

33
Q

What is the function of regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease prevention?

A

They suppress self-reactive T cells, maintaining immune system balance.

34
Q

Why is early diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies critical?

A

To manage infections effectively and prevent severe complications.

35
Q

What is the treatment for phagocyte deficiencies?

A

Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IVIg), antibiotics, antifungals, and sometimes stem cell transplantation.

Dundee uni med (9 decks)

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