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Dundee uni med > FOM anki flash cards week 2 > Flashcards

FOM anki flash cards week 2

1
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The fusion of sperm and oocyte to form a zygote, occurring in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

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2
Q

What happens when sperm binds to the zona pellucida (ZP3)?

A

Acrosomal enzymes are released to penetrate the egg, and meiosis II is triggered in the egg.

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3
Q

What prevents further sperm entry after fertilization?

A

The egg’s membrane fuses with the sperm, blocking additional sperm entry.

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4
Q

What is cleavage in embryonic development?

A

rapid cell devisions.

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5
Q

What is totipotency, and up to which stage are cells totipotent?

A

The ability to develop into any cell type, cells are totipotent up to the 8-cell stage.

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6
Q

What is mosaicism?

A

A condition where an individual has cells with different chromosome complements.

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7
Q

What is a morula?

A

An early embryo with 16-32 cells.

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8
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

An embryo with 200-300 cells and a fluid-filled cavity (blastocyst cavity).

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9
Q

What do trophoblasts and embryoblasts form?

A

Trophoblasts form the placenta, embryoblasts form the embryo.

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10
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

Around day 6 after fertilization.

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11
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation outside the uterus.

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12
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

Abnormal positioning of the placenta.

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the bilaminar embryo?

A

The epiblast (dorsal) and hypoblast (ventral).

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14
Q

What is the role of the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

It produces hCG and helps with implantation.

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15
Q

When is the amniotic cavity formed?

A

By day 9.

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16
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The process of forming three primary germ layers from the epiblast.

17
Q

What are the three germ layers and their derivatives?

A

Ectoderm: Skin, hair, nervous system. Mesoderm: Axial skeleton, muscles, urogenital systems, cardiovascular system. Endoderm: Lining of gut, respiratory tract, bladder, and urethra.

18
Q

What are the key roles of cholesterol?

A

Maintaining cell membrane structure, forming lipid rafts, and serving as a precursor for bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.

19
Q

What are the key roles of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage and contributing to cell membrane structure.

20
Q

How are lipids transported in the bloodstream?

A

Via lipoproteins, which protect hydrophobic lipids in the aqueous environment.

21
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup.

22
Q

What are LDL and HDL, and how do they differ?

A

LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol): Contributes to plaque formation. HDL (‘good’ cholesterol): Helps reverse cholesterol transport and protects against cardiovascular diseases.

23
Q

What are the steps in atherosclerosis formation?

A
  1. Endothelial injury. 2. Leukocyte infiltration. 3. Smooth muscle cell and WBC accumulation. 4. Plaque formation with a fibrous cap. 5. Vessel occlusion due to cap digestion and clot formation.
24
Q

How do statins help in atherosclerosis?

A

Statins reduce LDL cholesterol, inhibit smooth muscle migration, and prevent platelet and leukocyte adhesion.

25
Q

What is the impact of statins according to trials?

A

Statin therapy reduces cardiovascular events by 25-30%.

26
Q

What is blood pressure (BP)?

A

The outward force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels.

27
Q

What are systolic and diastolic BP?

A

Systolic BP: Pressure during heart contraction (~120 mmHg). Diastolic BP: Pressure during heart relaxation (~80 mmHg).

28
Q

How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated?

A

MAP = [(2 x Diastolic) + Systolic] / 3.

29
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Clinic BP ? 140/90 mmHg or daytime average ? 135/85 mmHg.

30
Q

What is hypotension?

A

BP < 90/60 mmHg.

31
Q

What is the formula for MAP?

A

MAP = Cardiac Output (CO) × Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR).

32
Q

What is the relationship between CO and HR?

A

CO = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR).

33
Q

What are the effects of increased BP?

A

Decreased HR and SV.

Dundee uni med (9 decks)

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