FOM week 4 Flashcards
What are the two strands of DNA called?:
Antiparallel
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?:
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)
What is the process of DNA replication?:
DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, synthesizing new strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction, and proofreading to ensure accuracy.
What are the phases of the cell cycle?:
G1, S, G2, and M phases.
What is mitosis?:
A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.
What is meiosis?:
A type of cell division that produces four haploid gametes.
What is crossing over?:
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
What is a mutation?:
A change in the DNA sequence.
What is a polymorphism?:
A variation in the DNA sequence that is common in the population.
What is penetrance?:
The likelihood that a person with a particular genotype will develop the associated phenotype.
What is a missense mutation?:
A point mutation that results in a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.
What is a nonsense mutation?:
A point mutation that results in a premature stop codon.
What is a frameshift mutation?:
A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code.
What is aneuploidy?:
A condition in which an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes.
What is a translocation?:
A type of chromosomal abnormality in which pieces of chromosomes are exchanged.
What is aCGH?:
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, a technique used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.
What is FISH?:
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, a technique used to locate specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
What is PCR?:
Polymerase Chain Reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA.
What is whole exome sequencing?:
A technique used to sequence all of the protein-coding regions of the genome.
What is somatic mosaicism?:
The presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations in an individual.
What is autosomal dominant inheritance?:
A pattern of inheritance in which a single copy of a mutated gene is enough to cause a disease.
What is autosomal recessive inheritance?:
A pattern of inheritance in which two copies of a mutated gene are needed to cause a disease.
What is X-linked inheritance?
: A pattern of inheritance in which a gene is located on the X chromosome.
What is mitochondrial inheritance?:
A pattern of inheritance in which genes are passed down through the maternal line.
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
:” Nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.”
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?:
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?:
DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose sugar. RNA also uses uracil instead of thymine.
What is transcription?
: The process of copying DNA into RNA.
What is translation? :
The process of converting mRNA into protein.
What is the genetic code? :
The set of rules that determines how information encoded in DNA is translated into amino acids.
What is an enzyme?:
A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.
What is an active site? :
The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
What is enzyme inhibition? :
A process by which the activity of an enzyme is decreased.
What is allosteric regulation? :
A type of enzyme regulation in which a molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, affecting its activity.
