FOM week 4

Question 1

What are the two strands of DNA called?:

Answer 1

Antiparallel

Question 2

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?:

Answer 2

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)

Question 3

What is the process of DNA replication?:

Answer 3

DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, synthesizing new strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction, and proofreading to ensure accuracy.

Question 4

What are the phases of the cell cycle?:

Answer 4

G1, S, G2, and M phases.

Question 5

What is mitosis?:

Answer 5

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.

Question 6

What is meiosis?:

Answer 6

A type of cell division that produces four haploid gametes.

Question 7

What is crossing over?:

Answer 7

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Question 8

What is a mutation?:

Answer 8

A change in the DNA sequence.

Question 9

What is a polymorphism?:

Answer 9

A variation in the DNA sequence that is common in the population.

Question 10

What is penetrance?:

Answer 10

The likelihood that a person with a particular genotype will develop the associated phenotype.

Question 11

What is a missense mutation?:

Answer 11

A point mutation that results in a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Question 12

What is a nonsense mutation?:

Answer 12

A point mutation that results in a premature stop codon.

Question 13

What is a frameshift mutation?:

Answer 13

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code.

Question 14

What is aneuploidy?:

Answer 14

A condition in which an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Question 15

What is a translocation?:

Answer 15

A type of chromosomal abnormality in which pieces of chromosomes are exchanged.

Question 16

What is aCGH?:

Answer 16

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, a technique used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 17

What is FISH?:

Answer 17

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, a technique used to locate specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.

Question 18

What is PCR?:

Answer 18

Polymerase Chain Reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA.

Question 19

What is whole exome sequencing?:

Answer 19

A technique used to sequence all of the protein-coding regions of the genome.

Question 20

What is somatic mosaicism?:

Answer 20

The presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations in an individual.

Question 21

What is autosomal dominant inheritance?:

Answer 21

A pattern of inheritance in which a single copy of a mutated gene is enough to cause a disease.

Question 22

What is autosomal recessive inheritance?:

Answer 22

A pattern of inheritance in which two copies of a mutated gene are needed to cause a disease.

Question 23

What is X-linked inheritance?

Answer 23

: A pattern of inheritance in which a gene is located on the X chromosome.

Question 24

What is mitochondrial inheritance?:

Answer 24

A pattern of inheritance in which genes are passed down through the maternal line.

Question 25

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Answer 25

:" Nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base."

Question 26

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?:

Answer 26

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Question 27

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?:

Answer 27

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose sugar. RNA also uses uracil instead of thymine.

Question 28

What is transcription?

Answer 28

: The process of copying DNA into RNA.

Question 29

What is translation? :

Answer 29

The process of converting mRNA into protein.

Question 30

What is the genetic code? :

Answer 30

The set of rules that determines how information encoded in DNA is translated into amino acids.

Question 31

What is an enzyme?:

Answer 31

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.

Question 32

What is an active site? :

Answer 32

The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

Question 33

What is enzyme inhibition? :

Answer 33

A process by which the activity of an enzyme is decreased.

Question 34

What is allosteric regulation? :

Answer 34

A type of enzyme regulation in which a molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, affecting its activity.