Fokusgrupper Flashcards
Hvorfor bruke fokusgrupper?
-økonomisk
-rask
-effektiv
får data fra flere deltagere
Socially
-oriented environment
* Helpful for participants to discuss - perceptions - ideas - opinions - thoughts
Sense of belonging to a group ➔ increase the participants’
sense of cohesiveness ➔ Help them to feel safe to
share information
* Create the possibility for more
spontaneous responses
* Discuss personal problems and
provide possible solutions
Hva ser man på i fokusgrupper?
-Gruppenormer
-kulturelle verdier
- gruppe sosiale prosesser
- fasilitere uttrykkelse/kommunikasjon som er underuttrykt i intervju
- Examine the respondents’
- attitudes
- priorities
- language
- framework of understanding
- Encourage participants to
- generate and explore their own questions
- develop their own analysis of common experiences
- Help to identify group norms and cultural values
- Insight into group social processes in the articulation of
knowledge, i.e., what information is censured or muted
within the group - Encourage open conversation about
- embarrassing subjects
- allow the expression of criticism
- Facilitate the expression of ideas and experiences that
might be left underdeveloped in an interview
Fokus grupper vs. gruppekommunikasjon
whether the researcher’s interests directed
the discussion
- Do not refer to all procedures that utilize multiple
participants allowing interactive discussions - It is not a method to collect data from naturally occurring
group discussions where no one acts as an interviewer - The distinction is not whether the group existed prior to the
research, but whether the researcher’s interests directed
the discussion
Hvordan kan fokusgrupper designes?
Flere grupper medfører datametning
- Focus groups usually last between 1 and 2 hours
- May consist of between 4 and 8 participants
- Enough participants to give diversity in information provided
- Most projects consist of four to six focus groups
- Overrecruiting by at least 20%
- Single meeting or multiple meetings
- Multiple focus groups allows researcher to reach data
saturation ➔ moderators can predict what participants will
say
Hvilke tilnærminger kan man ha til fokusgrupper?
Utforskende til standardisert
standardisert til utforskende
- From exploratory to standardized
- basis for developing a later set of standardized
questions and procedures grounded in the data - From standardized to exploratory
- it organizes the questions from a fixed set of core
questions and to a variable set of issues
➔ it maintains comparability across groups for the first
part of each discussion
➔ allowing the later section to vary
Hva har gruppekomposisjon å si for hva man finner i FG?
Homegeinity ➔ people’s shared experiences
* Diversity ➔ exploration of different perspectives
Når bør man bruke ulike gruppestørrelser av FG?
Small groups
- Appropriate with
emotionally charged topics
- More time to discuss topic
they all are highly involved
- Easier for moderators to
manage active discussions
Large groups
- Better with more neutral topics
- Wider range of potential
responses on topics with low
level of involvement
- Easier to manage participants
when there is lower level of
involvement
Fordeler og ulemper med gruppeeffekter i FG?
Benefits
- Participants both query each
other and explain themselves to
each other ➔ Consensus and
diversity
- Nature of interviewees’
agreement and disagreement
- Ask the participants for
comparisons among their
experiences and views
Costs
- Role of the moderator and the
group
- The moderator’efforts may
disrupt the dynamics of the
interaction
- The moderator determines the
agenda and form of the discussion
Hva er rollen til moderator i FG?
Nøkkelfaktor: antall spørsmål
fasilitere diskusjon
mer/mindre kontroll
Hvilke typer data får man fra FG?
Ulike medium (eks. taleopptak)
individuell/gruppe og/gruppeinteraksjon
- Researchers code the data and present emergent themes
➔ Provide important information and define within group
context
➔ Analyzing only the text (individual) can be problematic - no information about consensus and dissent
- dissenters being censored or marginalized
- Information about dissenters increase the descriptive,
interpretive and theoretical validity
Hvordan analyseres FG-data?
Sammnelignende
- likheter og forskjeller
nøkkelord
diskursiv (relatert til written/spoken kommunikasjon) konstruksjon
- Constant comparison analysis
- Use multiple groups to look for similarities and differences
- Create smaller chunks of the data and then add codes
- Include rich description of codes
- Codes are placed into similar groupings ➔ themes
- Contextualization of keywords ➔ important in focus groups
because of the interactive nature - Different discursive constructions perform different social
actions ➔ supporting, questioning, or criticizing
Hva er viktig å inkludere i analysen av FG som er lett å glemme
Include those who are relatively silent, conform with the
majority, and who are not given the opportunity to speak
Include information about proportion of members who
appeared to
- reach consensus
- present dissenting
- do not express any view at all
Hvilken rolle spiller kvantifisering i FG?
Majority does not necessarily imply that viewpoint is
important
Men kvnatifisering kan gi rikere info
Qualitative + quantitative
➔ mixed methods data analysis
* Quantification can help validate inferences
Hvorfor bruke individuelle intervju i tillegg til FG?
➔ explore specific opinions and experiences in more depth
➔ produce narratives that address the continuity of
personal experiences over time
Hvorfor bruke spørreskjema i tillegg til FG?
Surveys as primary method and focus groups as a
follow-up
Focus groups assist in interpreting the survey results
Use focus groups as the primary method and surveys
as a source of follow-up data
Investigate the impact that the
discussion had on the
participants
* Participants’ feelings about the
discussion
➔ Were they able to share their
true opinions on the topics they
discussed?
Hvordan brukes FG innenfor helse?
Examine not only what people think but how they think and
why they think that way
* They are widely used to examine people’s experiences
of disease and of health services
Encourage participants to explore the issues of
importance to them
Group work can actively facilitate the discussion of
taboo topics
* Participants can also provide mutual support in
expressing feelings that are common to their group
Assess the impact of health programs
-potential targets
-Better understanding
* Focus groups supplement the kind of attitudinal data that
surveys produced
Hva må informeres om i en studie om FG?
- Whether a standardized set of questions and procedures were
applied - Number of groups and size
- Information on the group composition, background data on the
participants - Information on the basis for the sampling strategy
- Information about recruitment procedures
- Degree of structure that the moderator(s) imposed
- Information on moderators (number, traning, etc.)
- Ethical issues need to be discussed
Hva er fokusgrupper?
Fokusgrupper er en form for gruppe intervju som tar fordel av kommunikasjon mellom forskningsdeltagere for å genere data. Gruppeinteraksjonen er eksplisitt del av metoden. Metoden er spesielt nyttig for å undersøke ikke bare hva noen tenker, men hvordan og hvorfor.
