FOCUSED STUDY 3 Flashcards
Total Quality Management is continuous improvement through __
ongoing changes
Total Quality Management includes:
__, management commitment to __, __ involvement, __ satisfaction, & data-driven __
teams, management commitment to quality, employee involvement, teams, customer satisfaction, data-driven decision making
Voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) is most effective for__ while CBT is most effective for__
promoting initial abstinence; relapse prevention
ASD has low serotonin levels in the __ & high levels in the __
low brain levels & high blood levels
APP is linked to __ & early onset __
Down syndrome Trisomy 21; Alzheimer
ADHD ppl have smaller than normal __, __, & __
caudate nucleus, putamen, & amygdala
St. John’s wort is not different from SSRI but has a __ rate of adverse events
lower
__ is best assessed using video EEG
PNES
CRAFT helps loved ones adopt a “__” from the identified patient
“loving detachment”
olanzapine might help w/ ___, while fluoxetine might help w/ ___ for anorexia
fostering initial weight gain; weight management
70-85% of dx __ have comorbid tobacco use
schizophrenia
Tx for schizophrenia includes __ tx, __, FGAs + SGAs, + __ to treat comorbidities
multimodal tx, psychosocial tx; additional meds to treat comorbidities
CBTp is a tx for schizophrenia & includes cognitive __, ACT, assertive __ tx, family psychoed, ___ self-management training, ___ skills, supported ___ services
remediation;community; illness; social; employee
SGA __ is most effective for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, which is 2 antipsychotic attempts for __wks each
Clozapine; 6 weeks
___ is a team-based program targeting high risk or early stage schizophrenia, includes ___ & ___ based on CBTp
NAVIGATE; family psychoed & individual resiliency training
bipolar disorder is linked to heredity, __ abnormalities, & irregular __
neurotransmitter/brain; circadian rhythm
__ is linked to coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, Parkinson’s
depression
abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, & basal ganglia are linked to __ disorder
bipolar
ppl w/ depression have abnormalities in the __ brain region due to early life stress w/ hypersecretion of cortisol
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
___ activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPEC] & ___ activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC]) are characteristics of depression
high; low
Depression Concordance rates –
* MZ twins __ for unipolar depression
* DZ twins __ for unipolar depression
* MZ female twins __
* MZ male twins __
* DZ female twins __
* DZ male twins __
Concordance rates –
* MZ twins 50% for unipolar depression
* DZ twins 20% for unipolar depression
* MZ female twins 50%
* MZ male twins 40%
* DZ female twins 34%
* DZ male twins 28%
GAD is linked to reduced connectivity between the __ cortex & anterior __ cortex & __ leading to weak top-down control of amygdala activity
prefrontal cortex & anterior cingulate cortex & amygdala leading to weak top-down control of amygdala activity
MDD can be bidirectional in causality of myocardial infarction aka __
heart attacks
the best tx for kids w/ MDD is __
there is insufficient evidence to recommend a specific tx
best tx for teens w/ MDD includes __, __, & __ but there is insufficient evidence to recommend one tx over another
- CBT
- IPT-A for adolescents (IPT-A)
- fluoxetine/Prozac
best tx for adults w/ MDD is a combination of __ or __ plus __
strong recommendation for combined tx of CBT or IPT plus second-gen antidepressant (Prozac)
__% of children who have dx of ODD eventually receive a dx of conduct disorder
30%
psychosocial interventions are 1st line tx for __
conduct disorder
MCBT, IPT, behavior, psychodynamic, & supportive therapy are useful in treating MDD in __ (age group), but are not the strongest recommended tx
adults w/ MDD
either group-CBT or a combo of IPT & second-gen antidepressant are the best tx for MDD in __ (age group)
older adults w/ MDD
there is insufficient evidence for bibliotherapy or life review therapy for tx __ in older adults
MDD
symptoms of ___ depression include hypersomnia, overeating eating, weight gain, craving carbs
seasonal pattern or SAD
SAD includes ___ serotonin levels & __ melatonin; tx includes __
low serotonin levels; high melatonin ; phototherapy (light exposure)
ECT for MDD has an SE of anterograde (resolves w/i __) & retrograde amnesia (resolves w/i __)
2wks; weeks to months
remission rates for ECT is __,
IPT/CBT is __
& antidepressants is __
ECT w/i 1-3wks; IPT/CBT 6-10wks, antidepressants 4-12wks.
Child-Focused Intervention Problem-Solving Skills Training (PSST) is for kids & teens & is used to treat __ & __
conduct disorder or ODD
rTMS is a noninvasive technique using magnetic fields to stimulate the ___ cortex
noninvasive technique using magnetic fields to stimulate the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
persistent reluctance to go to school, work, places away from home & repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separated are characteristic of __ dx
separation anxiety
CBT + psychoed, exposure + relaxation techniques + cognitive restricting are used to treat ___ disorder & for best outcomes, CBT is combined w/ __
separation anxiety disorder; parent training
if school refusal is part of separation anxiety disorder, initial tx goal is school attendance, to avoid __, academic failure, & other __
avoid social isolation; other secondary impairments
Specific phobias are 2x more common in __ than __
girls than boys
specific phobia onset usually in childhood or by age __
10
first line of tx for Social Anxiety is __ & __
CBT + antidepressants (SSRI + SNRI)
Internet driven CBT is found to be equally effective for adults as face-to-face for treating __
Social Anxiety
school-based CBT is found to be effective for children/adolescents for treating __
Social Anxiety
CBT is used to treat Panic Disorder, as well as Panic Control Treatment, which is a __ exposure
interoceptive exposure
Antidepressants, like TCA imipramine & Benzos are used to treat __, but there is a high relapse rates when meds are the only tx
Panic Disorder
OCD patients have ___ serotonin, elevated activity in the __, __ cortex, cingulate gyrus, & the thalamus
low serotonin; caudate nucleus; orbitofrontal
Combining exposure & response pervention with a SSRI or TCA clomipramine is the most effective for treating severe symptoms of __ dx
OCD
25-50% of cases of ___ have an unknown cause
Intellectual Developmental Disabilities
80-85% of Intellectual Developmental Disabilities are linked to ___ (chromosomal or genetic causes)
Prenatal Factors
5-10% of Intellectual Developmental Disabilities are linked to __ (asphyxia) & __ factors
perinatal factors (asphyxia); postnatal factors
the most common chromosomal causes of an Intellectual Developmental Disabilities are __ then __
Down’s syndrome; then fragile X syndrome
the most common preventable prenatal cause of an Intellectual Developmental Disabilities is ___
fetal alcohol syndrome
abnormalities in the cerebellum, __, & amygdala are linked to ASD
corpus callosum
an IQ score over __, functional language skills by __, & absences of comorbid mental health problems make a good prognosis for ASD
70; 5y/o
ASD kids 3-4y/o reacted __ to familiar & novel objects but reacted __ to novel & familiar faces
differently; similarly
difficulty recognizing face, voice, & body is characteristic of __ dx
ASD
a dx of ASD in males is __x more likely than females
4x
ASD children have accelerated brain growth starting at __ & plateus by __ (grade level) w/ a larger head circumference + brain volume & weight during that time
6mos; preschool
birth prior to 26wk is a risk factor for __
ASD
concordance rates of MZ twins 69-95% & DZ twins 0-24% are for ___ dx
ASD
tx goal for ASD is to minimize __ & maximize __
core symptoms; independence
ADHD is linked to abnormalities in the __ cortex, cerebellum, __, striatum, & __
prefrontal cortex; amygdala; thalamus
ADHD is linked to impaired __ information processing
temporal information processing
Children w/ ___ dx have reduced total brain volume, smaller prefrontal cortex, striatum, corpus callosum, & cerebellum with reduced activity in these areas
ADHD
low birth weight, premature birth, & maternal smoking/alcohol use during pregnancy are risk factors for ___ disorder
ADHD
ADHD is of the most heritable psychiatric disorders, __% across twin studies:
MZ twins ___%
DZ twins ___%
76% across twin studies
MZ twins 71%
DZ twins 41%
parent training in behavioral management (PTBM) is the most recommended for __ disorder
ADHD
Parent- and teacher-administered behavioral intervention for preschoolers & Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) are tx for __ disorder
ADHD
ADHD tx includes a combo of meds & behavior interventions at home/school for __ (school grades)
elementary/middle-school
to treat ADHD, a combo of meds & behavioral/instructional interventions is best for ___ (age group)
teens
for adult ADHD, the first line of tx is __ with CBT for support
medication
ADHD dx in childhood is linked to an increase risk of ___ in teens & adults, whether or not they were medicated for ADHD
substance use
high dopamine & a small caudate nucleus is characteristic of __ disorder
Tourettes
Haloperidol antipsychotic, is used to treat Alzheimer’s & __
Tourette’s
CBIT is CBT for tic interventions, & includes __, __ support, habit reversal, competing response, & relaxation training
psychoed; social support;
Provisional Tic Disorder dx has __ vocal tic &/or __ motor tics for __ than 1 year w/ an onset of before __y/o
1+; 1+; less than 1 year; before 18y/o
__ disorder usually starts 4-6y/o w/ severity peaking at 10-12y/o
provisional tic disorder
Persistent Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic dx includes ___ vocal tic & __ motor tics persisting for __, w/ an onset before __y/o.
1+; 1+; 1yr+; 18y/o
Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (stuttering) is a disturbance in normal ___ & ___ patterning in speech, that persists over time & has an onset of age __y/o, w/ 65-85% of kids recovering by __y/o
fluency & time; 2-7y/o; 8y/o
habit reversal, competing response, & regulating breathing are tx for __ disorder
childhood onset fluency disorder
dx criteria for a specific learning disability: __ skills must be lower than age-appropraite, interefere w/ school/work or ___ w/ an onset during __ years
academic skills; ADLs; school-aged years
5-15% of school-aged children have ___ dx w/ 80% having __ disorder, most commonly ___ dyslexia
Specific Learning Disability; reading disorder; dysphonic dyslexia
dysphonic dyslexia is the struggle to connect __ to __
struggle to connect sounds to letters
to treat adult PTSD __, __, __, & __ are strongly recommended
CBT, CPT, cognitive therapy, prolonged exposure
brief ECT, EMDR, & narrative therapy are conditionally recommended to treat __ in adults
PTSD
single-session debriefing or incident stress debriefing or group debriefing is __ effective & may be __
not effective & may be harmful
teletherapy is __ effective compared to face-to-face tx for PTSD
equally effective
trauma-focused CBT was designed for __y/os as tx for PTSD
3-18y/o
tx for teen PTSD, APA gives conditional recommendations for Prozac, __, __, & __ to allievate avoidance/numbing, re-experiencing, & hyperarousal symptoms
paroxetine, sertraline & venlafaxine
the five categories of symptoms to dx acute stress & PTSD include __
intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance, & arousal
selective amnesia is the inability to recall __
some events during a period of time
__ amnesia is the complete loss of memory for one’s entire life, where as __ is the loss of memory for specific information category
generalized; systematized
___ is the most common amnesia & is the inability to recall event during a period of time, where as __ inability to remember new events as they happen
localized; continuous
dissociative fugue, or purposeful travel or purposeless wandering associated w/ memory loss, is a specifier for __ disorder
Dissociative Amnesia
Enuresis Elimination dx includes repeated voiding of urine in bed/clothing occurring __x/wk for __mos, which is always involuntary & must be __y/o+ or of similar developmental level
2x+/wk for 3+ consecutive mos; 5y/o+
a moisture alarm is the most common tx for __
nocturnal enuresis
tx for insomnia is multi-component CBT, which includes a __ (only being in bed when tired/going to sleep) + __ (restricting time allotted for sleep)
stimulus control; sleep restriction
occuring in the first third of a major sleep period in stage 3 or 4, ppl w/ __ disorder are unresponsive to being woken up or comforted & have little or no memory of the dream/episode
non-REM sleep arousal disorder
sleepwalking & sleep terrors are part of __ disorder
non-REM sleep arousal
dx of __ requires repeated occurance & occurs in REM in the second half of a major sleep period
nightmare disorder
when awake, someone w/ nightmare disorder is alert, oriented, but may have a ___ mood
dysphoric
although more common for boys than girls, __ dx occurs equally as often in teens.
ODD
Parent Management Trainings Oregon Model (PMTO) is a tx for conduct dx for (ages) __ & assumes the child’s symptoms are related to __ between child & parent
2-18y/o; an escalating cycle of coercive interactions between child & parent
Kazdin’s Parent Management Training (PMT) for parents of children __y/o with oppositional, aggressive, &/or antisocial behavior; based on __ conditioning
2 -17y/o: operant
Parent Management Training, focuses on replacing antecedents + consequences that maintain __ with antecedents + consequences that foster __
problem behaviors; desired behaviors
PMT & PSST together are more effective than either tx alone for improving child + parent functioning for those w/ __ disorder
conduct disorder
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) was designed for families of children 11 -18y/o who had a __ disorder, high-risk __, &/or __ problems
externalize behavior disorder; high risk for delinquency; substance use problems
__ Family Therapy is for families of children 11 -21y/o w/ substance use disorder & comorbid internalizing/externalizing symptoms &/or delinquency such as conduct disorder
Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT)
cost-utility analysis are used to measure 2+ interventions when outcomes involve __ life-years or __ life-years
quality-adjusted life years or disability-adjusted life years
Terror Management Theory (TMT) predicts that increasing the importance of ___, increases a person’s positive attitudes toward __ & negative attitudes toward __
mortality; in-group members; out-group members
Dot Counting Test is most useful for detecting faked/feigned __
cog impairment
in terms of personality, MZ twins reared __ are more similar than DZ twins reared __
apart; together
those w/ high need for achievement, are __ (not/very) motivated by gaining status
least
those w/ high need for power, are __ (least/most) motivated by gaining status
most
__ is slightly more influential than __ for IQ scores
nuture; nature
the median IQ score for:
* bio parents & kids living apart is __
* bio siblings living apart is __
* half-siblings living together is __
* adopted siblings living together is __
- .22
- .24
- .35
- .31
__ & __ therapy focus on:
* here-now
* client’s subjective experience over objective reality
* reject medical model
* client perspective trumps symptoms
humanistic & existenial therapy
__ Therapies recognizes the inherent potential for good & evil
Existential Therapies
__ Therapies recognize the inherent positive aspects of human nature & regard evil/destructiveness as separate from human nature
Humanistic Therapies
folic acid deficiency during pregnancy is linked to __
neural tube defects
maternal __ (demographic) is not linked to the risk of standard trisomy 21, but her __ (demographic) is
ethnicity; age
women at 30y/o+ are more likely for their child to have __ than younger women
standard trisomy 21
trisomy 21 is the most common, __% cases; an extra 21 chromosome making all cells contain 47 instead of 46
95%
Mosaic trisomy 21 is present in __% of cases; only some cells contain an extra 21 chromosome
1%
Translocation trisomy 21 is present in __ % of cases; 46 chromosomes in all cells w/ some having a full or partial 21 chromosome attached to another chromosome (usually chromosome __ ).
4%; 14
when conditions of recalling info is similar to conditions of encoding the info, the retrieval from long-term memory is maximized. this is referred to as __
encoding specificity
men prefer the waist-to-hip ration to be about __
.70
chronic marijuana use may decrease dopamine release in the __ pathway
mesolimbic
nucleus accumbens is linked from the ventral __ to the ventral __ through the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
ventral prefrontal cortex; ventral striatum
THC & other drugs produce it’s reinforcing effects by increasing dopamine effect in the __
nucleus accumbens
a mindguard is a group member who is a self-appointed __ & shields the group & group leader from __ views by actively discouraging members from sharing __ ideas
censor; dissenting views; contradictory idea
a mindguard is a symptom of __
groupthink
Broten Stepped Care Model’s 4 steps
- assessment, monitoring, watchful waiting
- interventions w/ little practitioner involvement (psychoed, bibliotherapy, computer CBT)
- interventions w/ intensive care + specialized therapist (group, individual, meds)
- most restrictive + intense (voluntary + involuntary in-patient care)
the __ is calculated by square-rooting the reliability coefficient
reliability index
reliability index is an estimate of correlation between the __ scores & __ scores
actual observed scores; theoretically true scores
significantly high Verbal Comp & Perceptual Reasoning IQ scores are linked to __
non-verbal learning disabilities
DBT includes group skills training, individual therapy, phone coaching & the fourth component is __
therapist consultation team
__’s psychological autopsy is to clarify the manner of death while __’s is to identify factors contributing to one’s suicide
Shneidman’s; La Fon’s
the four methods to reduce cognitive dissonance are ___
- replace/subtract the dissonant cognition
- add a consonant cognition
- increase the importance of a consonant cognition
- decrease the importance of the dissonant cognition
auditory hallucinations are linked to issues in the __ __lobe
left temporal lobe
according to ___ theory, when ppl are externally reinforced for engaging in intrinsically rewarding behavior, they will decline in intrinsic motivation
Self-Perception Theory
self-perception theory is evidence for the __ effect
overjustification effect
overcorrection is an application of __ because it involves a penalty to reduce/eliminate a behavior
positive punishment
Open Access is considered to be a type of __ in the APA Ethics Code for making research digitially & freely accessible
Justice
hostile sexism (neg toward women in untraditional roles) & benevolent sexism (pos toward woemen who adhere to traditional roles) are the two components of __ sexism
ambivalent sexism
Family-Based Treatment is for __ disorder
anorexia
Family-Focused Therapy was designed for __ disorder
bipolar disorder
to make a __ analysis easier to interpret you would initially rotate it
factor
monitoring long-term white blood cells is required for __ (SGA) & __ (anticonvulsant)
clozapine & carbamazapine
Expectancy is a worker’s belief that adequate __ will lead to successful __
effort; performance
Instrumentality is a worker’s belief that successful __ will result in certain ___
performance; outcomes
Valence is the __ a worker places on an expected outcome
value
__ is the ability for open systems to reach the same final state from different initial conditions
equifinality
__ is the ability for open systems to reach a different final state from the same initial conditions
multifinality
prosopagnosia is a lack of __ - __ processing
top-down processing
repitition priming is a measure of __ memory
implicit
__ graphs depict nominal data; __ & __ graphs depict interval & ratio data
bar; histograms & line
general ability test & integrity tests together have the best __ __ for job performance
predictive validity
while the repeated exposure to trauma is an effective part of EMDR, according to Shapiro, the key component is __ information processing & __ resolution of __
accelerating information processing; adaptive resolution of traumatic memories
the __ & __ are the most cited models of disability
medical & social
community-based preparatory research (CBPR) participants act as __ in __ phase of the research
equal research partners; every phase
replacing distressing & intrusive images w/ adaptive images is called ___
imagery rescripting
guided imagery & guided visualization is used to __ stress & pain & promote __ in CBT
reduce stress; promote relaxation
Premack Principle
a high probability behavior is used to reinforce & increase a low probability behavior
akathisia
sense of restlessness, urge to keep moving
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale is best to test kids ages __ who struggle w/ sensory, motor, or speech issues; originally created for kids w/ __
3-10y/o; cerebral palsy
systematic desensitization is like counterconditioning while __ is like extinction
exposure therapy
IPT focuses on interpersonal role __, __, __, & unresolved __
disputes, transitions, deficits, & unresolved grief
the tendency of people to weigh loss more than gains is __
loss aversion
when prevalance increases, the __ predictive value increases & the __ predictive value decreases
positive; negative
when a supervisor uses the BARS, they rank each employee on several job dimensions using a ___ scale w/ the points on the scale being anchored by specific behaviors or ___ that describe each level of performance
graphic rating scale; critical incidents
the goal of the APA is to protect the __ of the __ & the interests of __
wellbeing of the public & the interest of students
high scores on the F scale on the MMPI-2 indicate __
faking bad, faking worse symptoms
the Boston Process Approach
observe problem-solving activitiy to determine how, when, & why the patient is unable to solve problems
to assess for selective attention & response inhibition of kids w/ ADHD, use the __ & __ tests
Stroop Color & Word Test
high scores on the L scale on the MMPI-2 indicate __
lying/underreporting symptoms
high scores on the K scale on the MMPI-2 indicate __
an attempt to present self in a positive way
the TRIN & VRIN scales on the MMPI-2 detect __
inconsistent responses
Simon’s satisficing includes: __ limitations, __ constraints, & imperfect/inadequate __
cognitive limitations; time constraints; & imperfect information
WEIRD stands for __
White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures
Androcentrism views __ as the norm & __ as a deviation from the norm
male behavior; female behavior
__ is an exaggeration of gender differences
gender polarization
overgeneralizing attributes that are gender role specific is called __
gender stereotyping
lesions in the __ result in diminshed flashbulb memory recall
amygdala
hemiplegia is partial or total __ to one side of the body & hemiparesis is __ to one side of the body
paralysis; muscle weakness
the __ side of the brain controls motor functions on the __ side of the body & vice versa
left; right
test modifications alter the test’s measured __
construct
illusory memory is also known as __
false memory
research using the the DRM procedure, which requires subjects to __, found this procedure creates __
read & recall a semantically similar list of words; false memories
CT-SP focuses on three stages: emotion __, cognitive __, & __ prevention
emotion regulation; cognitive flexibility; & relapse prevention
personality change of individuals w/ Alzheimer’s have higher levels of __ & lower levels of __ & __
neuroticism; openness & extroversion
__ validity refers to the generalizability of research results to other settings, people, & times
external validity
__ validity refers to the generalizability of research results in other settings/environments
ecological validity
__ validity refers to the generalizability of research results to other times
temporal validity
__ validity refers to the generalizability of research results to other people in the population sample
population validity
you need the __ & __ in order to provide telepsychology to a client in another jurisdiction
E.Passport & APIT
to provide in-person therapy across jurisdictions you need the __ from PSYPACT
Interjurisdictional Practice Certificate
GABA agonists would __ muscles & __ sleepiness
relax muscles; increase
perseveration is located in the __ & is a common symptom of __
frontal lobe; NCDs
Lewin’s Three-Step Model
unfreeze, change, refreeze
__ increase job satisfaction not job productivity
Compressed workweeks
intelligence is a better predictor of effectiveness when the leader’s __ level is low & the leader has a __ style
stress; directive
extraversion & conscientiousness have the largest correlation w. __
leader effectiveness
Reward Power: control over financial & nonfinancial rewards; elicits __
compliance
Coercive Power: control over punishments; elicits __ from subordinates
resistance
Legitimate Power: having formal positions, roles, titles; elicits __
compliance
Expert Power: knowledge & expertise; elicits __
commitment
Referent Power: respected/admired; elicits __
commitment
SPAD is linked to __ Theory
Path-Goal Theory
group goals result in better performance than ind. goals when accomplishment of the task requires high worker __
independence
when workers help set their own goals, goals tend to be more __ than ones set by the supervisor
difficult
